44 BULLETIN 341, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
market milk has been the standard type of dairy farming in Chester 
County. It is by far the most important enterprise found in this 
survey. The number of farms deriving various percentages of in- 
come from dairy products is fairly evenly distributed from about 
20 per cent to about 60 per cent of income from this source. Above 
and below this the farms are less numerous. 
The income from cattle is in the main a mere incident to the selling 
of dairy products, and represents usually the selling of a few 
calves and discarded cows. There are only nine of these farms 
which derive more than 20 per cent of their income from the sale 
of dairy cattle. Six of these are farms on which the income was 
so small that the few dollars received from the sale of a few calves 
and a cow or two was the principal income. But the other three 
are farms which make a business of raising well-bred stock for sale 
for breeding purposes. These three farms made very good profits. 
It would appear that there is room here for a much greater develop- 
ment of the pure-bred stock business. In a region so distinctly de- 
voted to a type of live-stock farming as this is, there should be good 
business for more than 3 out of 378 farms devoted to producing 
high-class breeding stock for their neighbors. Perhaps the fact 
that until recently it has been possible here to buy fairly good cows — 
more cheaply than they could be raised in a region of high-priced 
market milk is largely responsible for the very general absence of 
the breeding business. More recently the price of cows has advanced. 
During the year of this survey (1911) the average price paid for 
cows was $63.84. At this price farmers can afford to raise them 
even with the high local prices of milk and feed. Since the survey 
records were taken there has been an increase in the percentage of 
calves saved. 
In order to keep up a herd of dairy cows, both in numbers and in 
quality, it is necessary to replace an average of about 25 per cent 
of them annually. Of these 378 farms an average of 23 per cent 
were actually replaced, 8.2 per cent by cows raised on the farm, the 
remainder by purchase. Thus, about one-third of the cows neces- 
sary to maintain the herds are raised. It is to be presumed that as 
the proportion of cows raised increases, which seems likely to be the 
case with the high prices now prevailing, the number of pure-bred 
herds will increase in number. Partly because of the general depend- 
ence on purchased cows, there is less uniformity of breeds on individ- 
ual farms in this region than might be expected where more of 
the cows are raised. 
It has been shown in the foregoing pages that in the case of most 
of the enterprises found on these farms there appears to be a particu- 
lar status which each enterprise should occupy for best results. 
