NORTH AMERICAN GULLS AND THEIR ALLIES. 25 
King Oscar Land, September 11, 1899 (Sverdrup) ; Bowdoin Bay, 
Greenland, September 9, 1896, and October 17, 1893 (Clarke); Fort 
Rae, Mackenzie, September 30, 1893 (Russell); Roche Trempe- 
1'eau, Mackenzie, October 9, 1903 (Preble); Point Barrow, Alaska, 
November 1, 1882 (Murdoch); Kowak River, Alaska, October 13, 
1898 (Grinnell); Unalaska Island, Alaska, November 12, 1904 
(Thayer); St. Paul Island, Pribilofs, December 13, 1914, and Febru- 
ary 18, 1915 (Hanna); and Diomede Islands, in Bering Strait, De- 
cember 7, 1912 (Thayer and Bangs). 
ICELAND GULL. Larus leucopterus Faber. 
Range. — North Atlantic Ocean and contiguous parts of Arctic 
Ocean, south to the British Isles and Massachusetts. 
The Iceland gull, though an Arctic species, ranges over only a 
small part of the Arctic regions. It occurs regularly from longitude 
90° W. at Boothia Peninsula to longitude 10° .W. at Jan Mayen. It 
is recorded as having occurred on Nova Zembla, longitude 60° E. 
(Smirnow). The center of its abundance is the west coast of Green- 
land, where it is a common breeder from the southern end at Ivigtut 
(Hagerup) to about latitude 70° (Schalow), though it was found at 
Northumberland Island, latitude 77° 30 ' (Bessels), and stragglers 
were noted at Fort Conger, latitude 81° 40 ', May 19, 1882, and June 
5, 1883 (Greely), but the species does not breed there. Westward it 
ranges to Bellot Strait (Walker), Felix Harbor (Ross), and Cam- 
bridge Bay (Collinson). It has been taken on the east coast of 
Greenland north to Sabine Island, latitude 74° (Schalow), and is a not 
rare breeder on Jan Mayen. 
Eggs were taken at Ivigtut from May 14 to June 10 (Hagerup) ; at 
Claushavn, June 20, 1878 (Kumlien); and at Christianshaab (speci- 
mens in U. S. National Museum). 
This gull winters in small numbers on the southern coast of Green- 
land (Hagerup), and the great bulk of individuals, particularly the 
fully adult birds, remain at this season around northern waters from 
Iceland and the Faroe Islands to the British Isles, while immature 
birds have wandered south to Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea, and even 
to the Bay of Biscay. 
On the American side of the Atlantic Ocean the Iceland gull comes 
south in winter as far as Massachusetts, Long Island, and the Great 
Lakes, though it is never common, and the individuals ranging so far 
south are principally immature birds. It has been recorded along 
the coast at Godbout, Quebec, February to May 1 (Comeau) ; Per- 
leys Mills, Me., January 12, 1898 (Knight); near Boston, Mass., 
November 4, 1897 (Lothrop), December 11, 1897 (Brewster), January 
15, 1894, and January 31, 1880 (Bangs), and February 11, 1894 (Jef- 
3673°— Bull. 292—15 4 
