16 BULLETIN 292^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
have been secured the first week in August on both Spitsbergen 
(Bendire) and Franz Josef Land (Johnson). 
Fall migration. — In 1850 the last ivory gull was seen near Welling- 
ton Channel, September 15 (Kane). Two years later none were seen 
there after September 5 (McCormick), while the last had been noted 
at Boothia Felix, September 21, 1829 (Ross). Near the northern 
limit of its range, at Lincoln Bay, Ellesmere Island, the last disappeared 
September 1 , 1875 (Feilden) , but 10 degrees farther south, at Point Bar- 
row, Alaska, the species was seen until October 10, 1882 (Murdoch), 
and to September 25, 1897 (Stone). A few were still present Novem- 
ber 9, 1912, in Bering Strait, between East Cape and the Diomede 
Islands (Thayer and Bangs), and on Bering Island, December 2, 1875 
(specimen in U. S. National Museum). 
Individuals wander south along the Atlantic Coast of North 
America and a few have been captured at Okak, Labrador (Weiz); 
Rigolet, Labrador (Dawson); Anticosti Island, October, 1902 
(Schmitt); Godbout, Quebec, December 9, 1895, and January 5, 1908 
(Comeau) ; Halifax, Nova Scotia (Jones) ; St. John, New Brunswick, 
November, 1880 (Brewster); Grand Manan, New Brunswick (Board- 
man) ; Penobscot Bay, Me., December, 1894 (specimen in U. S. 
National Museum) ; Lake Ontario (Mcllwraith) ; Monomoy Island, 
Mass., December 1, 1886 (Allen); and Sayville, Long Island, N. Y., 
January 5, 1893 (Dutcher). The species has been noted once on the 
Kowak River, Alaska (McLenegan), once on St. George Island, Alaska 
(specimen in U. S. National Museum), and three times in British 
Columbia: Dease Lake, September, 1889 (Kermode); Penticton, 
October, 1897 (Brooks); and Okanogan Lake, November, 1897 
(Kermode). 
KITTIWAKE. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linnaeus). 
Range. — Arctic America, east of the Mackenzie ; Arctic Europe and 
western Siberia; south to northern Africa, the Canaries, Bermuda, 
and New Jersey; casual in the interior of eastern North America. 
Breeding range. — The kittiwake breeds as far north as it can find 
solid land on which to put its nest, and it has been noted over the 
ice packs even to latitude 84° 52' (Sverdrup). It is circumpolar and 
almost everywhere that observations have been made on the Arctic 
islands, this species has been recorded as nesting abundantly. 
In the Western Hemisphere it was found breeding north to Thank 
God Harbor, Greenland (Bessels); Cape Union, Ellesmere Island 
(Feilden); north of Wellington Channel, latitude 77° (Belcher); 
Winter Harbor, Melville Island (Parry); Point Barrow (Stone); and 
the whole length of the coast of northwestern Alaska north of Bering 
Strait and of northeastern Siberia. 
The above represents the range of the species as a whole. The 
dividing line between the eastern (typical) subspecies tridactyla and 
