32 BULLETIN 153, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
monly forming its leader from one of the side shoots, it seems best 
to use a closer spacing, 4 by 4 feet to 4 by 6 feet, in order, if possible, 
to correct the habit. The stand should then be thinned as soon as 
needed. 7 Ra 
Green ash has come up naturally under cottonwood, and should 
prove a good tree for underplanting old stands of that species. 
In the plantations examined ash has not grown as rapidly as in 
natural stands. Lack of knowledge regarding the tree’s requirements 
is probably responsible for this, and both green and white ash should 
be given a further trial on various kinds of soil, though it would not 
pay to plant them on good agricultural land. Young green ash trees 
are inclined to be somewhat crooked, but the timber is strong and can 
be used for many purposes on a farm. A valuation of $4 per cord 
has been put upon cordwood (Table 9), since most of the timber ‘so 
classed can in fact be put to more valuable use. 
TaBLE 9.— Yield and value of green ash ( Fraxinus lanceolata). 
n > Lolo} em tH nD 
5 |g SSc/a8 | & [Ss | Profit (+) or 
ea = BM |» lef loss (—) per 
a rT On .|du A Fre Kone, acre. 
On ou lity SISISS | $8 las 
ap 52 Me alBolb8 [3d [ss . 
. . A Leu) Oo: dio Cray 
Age. | Location Soil. S ge ER, is Sox Be gs BA & 
a, SO lg DIF B/S: Dinlisascers 
n AQ, rq path PA : ° iiss eq 
2 |e |S | &laeeleed| 2% fos. “ 
B18 if |S lgckivosys Weeepan) |S 
@ |2 |5 |S |sSy|S8s/8 (28s). 2 
‘a © = > IeCIlP as! 6 LAO 3S 4 
) = < <4 Im ct = oy ima <q 
N4TS: Ft. Ins.| Ft.|Cords. 
17| Iowa...-.| Yellow clay loam..... Broad-| 2,386) 3.1) 27} 17. 7/$80. 00|$59. 20/$70. 80|/+-$11. 60/+-$0. 53 
cast. 
20) 5-<dOe. 2-3 Black loam..........- 5x 9} 541) 4.8} 39) 13.2) 60.00) 70. 10) 52. 80)/— 17.30/— .64 
20 Qos aa oornfac GO eee: «nis.cacroce” 4x 4) 679) 5.0) 39) 21.4) 60.00) 72.37) 85.60)+ 13. 23/+ .49 
26 dos.s 4) sSa38 (6 Coy eae a eee 12x 12 299| 5.6] 35) 9.2! 60.00} 84. 74) 36. 80)— 47.94/— 1. 24 
28 \e Ose. | Seok. COs sco seer seaenee 6x 6 121; 8.6} 49} 11.5} 60. 00|101. 74) 46. 00)— 55. 74/— 1.30 
BT pow © (8 eed Pere dossier ast sence 4x 4| 745) 5.2) 46} 22.2) 40.00) 98.52) 88. 80/— 9.72/— .15 
40| Illinois. .]..... 0 (0 eI pe (?) 283) 8.5) 59) 39.3} 80. 00/219. 25/157. 20)— 62.05)— .18 
41| Iowa...-| Quitesandy loam....| 1x 4! 382) 6.6) 49) 11.5} 40.00)101. 74| 46.00)— 55. 74/— 1.30 
NORWAY PINE (Pinus resinosa Ait.). 
Norway or red pine is especially adapted for planting on poor, 
‘sandy or gravelly soils which will not even support a good growth of 
white pine. On good loam soils in Iowa trees 40 years old have 
reached a height of from 50 to 55 feet and a diameter of 8 inches, 
while on very poor, sandy soil in Rhode Island and Massachusetts a 
height of 40 feet and a diameter of 8 to 10 inches have been attained 
in 40 years. Norway pine is decidely intolerant, and a spacing of 
6 by 8 feet is close enough. Planting stock is usually rather expen- 
sive, because of the difficulty of obtaining seed, and the wide spacing 
has the additional advantage of reducing the planting costs. 
Norway pine lumber is less valuable than white pine, and the pro- 
duction per acre is not so large, but the tree is very hardy and excep- 
tionally free from disease. It is less subject to attack by the pine 
{ 
