FOREST PLANTING IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. 31 
of 6 by 8 feet or 8 by 8 feet is close enough. The older trees, however, 
have open crowns, and should be underplanted as soon as they cease 
to east shade enough to prevent a growth of grass on the forest floor. 
For such underplanting, white pine, white or Norway spruce, or red 
oak, should prove satisfactory. 
Black walnut does not grow very rapidly, and takes from 60 to 
100 years to produce the best timber. In general, it is not a partic- 
ularly good tree for private owners to plant. 
The only value given to black walnut in plantations has been $4 
per cord on the stump. (See Table 8.) This is undoubtedly too 
high for cordwood alone, but since much of the material can be used 
for braces or small poles, the valuation is probably a fair one. 
TasBiE 8.— Yield and value of black walnut ( Juglans nigra). 
ae n t 
| $ (2 |) [Sl igs | 8 gg Profit (+) or 
| 8 g Se Aiea letcanen lise loss (—) per 
Ga = BOrda | in acre. 
fo) a“ Hopl|ao og Ho 
. -1 5 Sie Oi | Org -- 
a0 Se}l|e. 5 |e tei {g=! SSS eee 
| : ‘ q 20/90 1/5 low dlon | Sete 
Age. | Location. Soil. 3 ge] fmol a isguisuo | ge lose 
at S38 | Sq | |sooad a5 avg 
| e |e /o7 13 [Poses | 52 (Boe 
@ |= |& | Sless|ged)] 25 |e Ss d 
§ 5 Ss Sig 2 we Ss OE aes 8 ae = 
bb | B D SisSRishe\8 [esc & | 
u a > par) S| Oo HAO ° aq 
(oye eenl epee ecmeme eee a ee < Be | a a 
Vrs. Feet. Ins. | Ft.|Cords. | 
12) Indiana.| Black sandy loam..| 44x 6} 512; 3.8) 27! 7. 5/$70.00/$39. 97/330. 00] —$9. 97|—$0. 70 
25| Iowa...-| Black loam.........| 8 x 8} 359} 6.3] 42} 14.8) 60.00) 79.77) 59.20) —20.57/— .56 
28). Osean ee CO eh 8 x 8 548) 5.5) 42) 17.9} 60.00) 91.67) 71.60} —20.07/— .47 
28| 2 So ets ees GO se es Pees St 14x 7 708) 4.1) 26; 8.6) 60.00) 97. 16) 34. 40) —62. 76)/— 1. 46 
28) 2 GO: nes Black sandy loam..; 4 x 4 342 7.0; 41) 20.0) 60.00) 96.02) 80.00) —16.02|— .37 
Bol ie mere kee ae Be Black loamt-.-2 5-22 4 x 5) 492) 7.0) 51) 34.6) 50.00) 93. 12/138. 40) +45. 28/4+ .91 
D2 ee AO. Sree ere MOO se ss te Ee 5 X13) 239) 8.3) 54! 24.2) 50.00] 95. 99) 96.80) + .81/+ .02 
35|.--d0....- Black sandy loam..| 8 x 9} 149) 8.7} 46) 12.4) 50. 00/109. 80) 49.60) —60. 20)— 1.00 
Sls. 0 Ome Black loam.....- 8 x 8 1386) 7.7} 44; 9.1) 60.00/135. 81} 36. 40) —99. 39)— 1.50 
38] Illinois. .|..... GO oS 5: 8 x 8 303) 8.6) 55] 33.8) 80. 00/205. 95)135. 20) —70. 75)— 1.02 
40| Iowa....|.-...- GOsee te” Sous ake 4x 4, 321) 8.3) 52) 31.8) 40. 00/114. 92:127. 20) +12.28)4+ .16 
pO) ec a ee | Ie Chet ee OR eee Th 23:93 V2 138) 12.3) 66} 39.6} 40. 00/120. 62/158. 49} +37. 87/4 . 46 
ASH (GREEN AND WHITE) (Fraxinus lancecolata Borkh. and Fraxinus americana Linn.). 
Green ash has been planted to some extent in Lowa and [llinois, 
while east of these States white ash has been given preference. In 
the Prairie States green ash withstands more trying conditions, 
especially drought, than white ash, but with suitable soil conditions 
elther species should succeed in any part of the eastern region. Both 
species prefer good, fresh, well-drained clay or sandy loam soil, but 
both also give promise of growing well on the poor, worn-out clay, 
or rocky clay farm soils of the central hardwood region. ‘This fact 
may make them valuable trees for planting on those lands, since the 
lumber of mature trees has a high value and may be closely utilized 
for handle material. Ash, moreover, may be easily and cheaply 
propagated simply by sowing the seed on the permanent planting 
site. Ash is intolerant and sheds its lower branches well, and consid- 
ering this reason alone it would seem that a rather wide spacing should 
be used. But on account of its habit, discussed on page 18, of com- 
