40 BULLETIN 824, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Table 16. — Chemical analysis of insect powder adulterants {Dietze). 
Adulterant. 
Determination. 
Moisture 
(loss at 
100°). 
Ash. 
Soluble iii- 
Ether. 
Specific 
gravity, 
0.735. 
Specific 
gravity, 
0.720. 
Ordinary 
petro- 
leum 
ether. 
Purest 
petro- 
leum 
ether. 
Johannesblumen von Chrys. Leucanthe- 
mum 
Flor. chamom. vgl 
Flor. chamom. Roman 
Flor. chamom. Calendulae 
Lignum quassise 
Folia sennse 
Per cent. 
7.59 
10.39 
6.78 
11.85 
0.99 
10.13 
Per cent. 
8.22 
12.72 
8.65 
9.19 
2.66 
11.06 
Per cent. 
3.76 
7.51 
10.06 
8.20 
0.23 
5.91 
Per cent. 
3.17 
4.96 
5.34 
7.59 
0.21 
3.69 
Per cent. 
2.46 
4.69 
4.09 
4.25 
0.18 
3.36 
Per cent. 
2.25 
4.14 
4.05 
4.32 
0.10 
3.39 
Dietze declares that the value of an insect powder can not be 
determined by any of these extraction methods, whether made 
with ether, petroleum ether, or chloroform, and the determination of 
ash and moisture, but that a practical test upon insects is necessary. 
Fromme (85), in 1900, published results for ether extract deter- 
minations of from 6 to 7 per cent on half -opened buds and from 7 
to 9.5 per cent on unexpanded buds. The ether extract of pure 
flowers is of a golden-yellow color, while that of the stalks is of a 
greenish tint, thus making it easy to detect such adulteration. 
Haywood (121) gives the results of the chemical examination of a 
number of commercial insect powders shown in Table 17. 
Table 17. — Chemical analysis of commercial insect powders {Haywood). 
Determination. 
Product. 
Mois- 
ture. 
Ash. 
Ether 
extract. 
Lead 
in ash. 
Chro- 
mium 
in ash. 
Barium 
in ash. 
Turmeric. 
Black flag insect powder 
Buhach 
Per cent. 
7.21 
6.96 
5.82 
7.39 
6.75 
7.49 
6.24 
7.68 
6.47 
6.87 
Per cent. 
8.01 
9.69 
12.02 
7.80 
7.74 
11.91 
8.35 
6.47 
5.90 
8.03 
Per cent. 
8.91 
9.09 
5.15 
8.38 
10.68 
6.68 
6.43 
6.22 
6.35 
C.78 
None 
...do.... 
Present . 
None 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
None 
...do.... 
Present . 
None 
...do.... 
...do.-- 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do._ ... 
..do..._ 
None 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
..do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
None. 
Do. 
Persian insect powder 
Do. 
Pyrethrum insect powder 
Do. 
Do. 
Pyrethrum powder 
Do. 
Dalmatian insect powder 
Tiger insect powder 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Later, Haywood (122) gives the results of the examination of 
commercial insect powders for the presence of chromates. Chro- 
mium was determined quantitatively in the ash by titration with 
permanganate, and the values calculated to lead chromate. Of 105 
samples examined, 19, or 18 per cent, were colored with lead chro- 
mate, the amount of which varied from 0.12 to 1.47 per cent. 
