18 BULLETIN 824, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
mate, curcuma, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Hungarian 
daisy). Schrenk (249), in 1889, also mentioned the Hungarian 
daisy, sometimes known as the Russian daisy, as an adulterant. 
He stated that starch is a very common adulterant. Beringer (29), 
in 1889, reported that insect powder brought into America was 
extensively adulterated with the Hungarian daisy, and that the 
ground stems and leaves of the Pyrethrum plant were also used as 
adulterants. Hart (119), in 1888, reported yellow ocher and wheat 
starch as adulterants. 
In the same year, Marpmann (190) reported the use of the pow- 
dered root of Veratrum album as an adulterant of insect powder. 
Thompson (273), in 1891, examined 7 samples of insect powder 
put out by American manufacturers, 2 of which were adulterated 
with lead chromate. Verneau (285), in 1892, listed the adulterants 
of insect powder as follows: Crotonflavens, Anthemis cotula, Chrys- 
anthemum segetum, Matricaria parthenium, Tanacetum vulgare, 
Chamomile romaine, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, and wheat 
starch. Jelliffe (148), in 1895, spoke of the extensive adulteration 
by means of the stems of the Pyrethrum plant, and proposed methods 
for the detection of stem tissue in a powder. Caesar and Loretz 
(42) report that in their examination of commercial insect powders 
they have noted the following adulterants: Quillaja, euphorbium, 
powdered whole chrysanthemum plant, quassia, powdered aloes, 
senna leaves, Hungarian daisy, saffron, and lead chromate. 
In 1899, Huber (142) found 2 out of 5 brands of insect powder 
examined to be adulterated with ground oxeye daisy flowers. 
Tschirch and Oesterle (281) give C coronarium and Inula pulicaria 
in addition to many of the flowers previously mentioned as being 
used as adulterants. Collin (47) identified a sample of " false" in- 
sect flowers as Chrysanthemum pollens. 
Hockauf (134), in 1903, listed the following adulterants of insect 
powder: Flowers of different species of Chrysanthemum (Chrysan- 
themum leucanthemum, C. corymbosum, C. inodorum, C. indicum); 
different species of Anthemis (Anthemis arvensis, A. tinctoria, A. 
cotula); and Helichrysum italicum. In the same year Jean (147) 
stated that he had found potassium chromate and sawdust in com- 
mercial insect powder, and Haywood (122) gave the results of the 
examination of 105 samples, 19 of which were found to be colored 
with lead chromate in amounts ranging from 0.12 to 1.47 per cent. 
Hanausek and Winton (118) give the following as adulterants: 
Heads of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Helichrysum arenarium 
DC. (Flore s Stsechadis citrinse, yellow cat's paw, hour-glass weed, 
yellow-moth weed), and the stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum 
cinerarisefolium. H. Wippell Gadd and Sydney C. Gadd (90), in 
