6 BULLETIN 824, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
botanical station of Rouiba, Algeria, in 1903. From 500 to 900 kilo- 
grams (1,100 to 1,980 pounds) of dry flowers per hectare (2.47 acres) 
are obtained, depending upon the soil and the variety of Pyrethrum. 
Pyreihrwn cinerarisefolium has been grown successfully in Gipps- 
land, the southeastern district of Victoria, Australia, by Paul Klee- 
sattel (17). The seeds were obtained from Zara, Dalmatia, and the 
plants are of the true Dalmatian type. Some pow T der prepared 
from the flowers of these plants is said to have killing properties de- 
cidedly above the average. The cultivation of Pyrethrum in Victoria 
is described in a Melbourne agricultural paper (154). Hellier (126) 
sowed some seed of the Pyrethrum Willemotii in 1872 at Grahams 
Town, Cape Colony, and also distributed packets of the seed. It 
grew well, and its insect-destroying power was " something extraor- 
dinary." In 1883 Hellier distributed more seed, and in 1890 he 
reported that there were good specimens of plants at Waterford, in 
various places in Kaffraria, and near King Williams Town. 
MacOwan (184), of the Cape Town Botanic Garden, points out 
that Pyrethrum cinerarisefolium thrives best on an open, dry soil, 
not too clayey, as both the seed and the plant are easily killed by 
excessive moisture. The seed, which is sown about half an inch be- 
low the surface, germinates in approximately 30 days. As soon as 
the plants can be handled they are placed 6 inches apart, and three 
months later, 1 foot apart. The flowers are produced in the second 
year. In the same article it is stated that the plant appears to 
stand the winter in sandy loam in the south of England, but has not 
been observed to flower freely. 
In Japan the Pyrethrum cinerarisefolium has been grown for some 
time, and the manufacture of insect powder is a well-established 
industry. The following information as to its cultivation there was 
furnished by George N. West, American consul at Kobe, under date 
of March 22, 1915: 
The species of Pyrethrum cultivated in Japan for the manufacture of insect powder 
is Chrysanthemum cinerarisefolium (white flower, commonly called " Dalmatia"). 
The Chrysanthemum roseum (red flower, commonly called "Persia") is also cultivated 
to a small extent, not only for the same purpose, but for the beauty of its charming 
flowers. 
None of the species of Pyrethrum are natives of Japan, but have been introduced from 
foreign countries. As to their introduction, it is hard to say exactly, but the following 
are some of the most reliable traditions: 
1. During the year 1881, insect powder was first imported by one Tasaburo Shimidzu 
of Osaka from Bays (?) & Co., of England, through Morff & Co. of Kobe. 
2. Between the years 1884 and 1885 the seeds were imported from Dalmatia and 
cultivated by Ei-ichiro Murakami of Yasudamura, Arita County, Wakayama Pre- 
fecture. 
3. When Georg Hicotrust (?) was a consul for Austria in Japan, he at one time 
visited Nikko with a view of admiring the natural beauty of the place. It was autumn 
and the chrysanthemum flowers were blooming profusely along the sides of the road. 
He thought they looked like the chrysanthemum of his native country which was 
