INSECT POWDER. O 
quality, that from half-opened blooms, comes from Cittavecchia, 
Dalmatia. The third, from the full blooms, is produced in Ragusa, 
Dalmatia. The "buds" used in making the first-quality powder 
are very small, 6 to 8 millimeters in diameter, and look like a large 
chamomile flower. The cultivated plants bear flower heads with a 
diameter of from 8 to 10 millimeters, having the rays very close 
together and covering the crown, being again covered by involucral 
bracts. Powder of the third quality is prepared from flower heads 
with a diameter of from 10 to 12 millimeters, almost disclike in form, 
many of them being without ray florets. 
After the nature of insect powder became known, the cultivation 
of Pyrethrum was taken up in several countries. The growing of 
Pyrethrum roseum, introduced into France about 1856, is described 
by Willemot (294), and Heckel (123) discusses the cultivation of 
Pyrethrum cinerarisefolium in the botanical garden of Marseilles 
since 1900. The cost of harvesting the flower heads is the great 
obstacle to the remunerative growing of the plants in southern France. 
In Germany Pyrethrum roseum and carneum are reported by 
Schenck (242) as growing well as early as 1859, and their cultivation 
there was described in detail by Pauckert (209) in 1866. According 
to Siedler (258), however, experiments made under the direction of 
the Agricultural High School on the cultivation of different insect- 
powder-producing species of Chrysanthemum near Berlin in 1886 
were without favorable results. In May, 1912, another effort was 
made to grow the C. cinerarixfolium in Germany by planting some 
seeds from Dalmatia in the garden of the Pharmaceutical Institute 
of Berlin University. The winter of 1913-14 killed more than one- 
half of the plants, only a few being left after the winter of 1914-15, 
but Siedler (258) believes the cultivation of Pyrethrum near Berlin 
can be made profitable if proper care is taken. 
Kalbruner (151), in 1874, stated that in Austria Pyrethrum roseum 
and carneum were frequently seen in gardens, and their cultivation in 
that country was described in 1889 by Labler (166). The cultiva- 
tion of C. cinerarisefolium at Korneuburg near Vienna is taken up 
in an article by Kuraz (165). 
Semenoff (253), in 1878, stated that in the Caucasus the produc- 
tion of Persian insect powder, made from the flowers of Pyrethrum 
roseum and carneum, amounted to about 720,000 pounds annully 
in 1850, but that 20 years later it had decreased to less than one-third 
of this figure, due to the competition of the Dalmatian powder. The 
flower heads are collected from wild-growing plants in June and July, 
and are dried first in the sun and then in the shade. 
Simmonds (259), in 1891, reported that the Pyrethrum Willemotii 
(the name given to P. cinerarisefolium by Willemot) succeeds well 
in Algeria. Blin (31) described the cultivation of Pyrethrum at the 
