INCENSE CEDAR. 31 
trees are, however, sometimes killed by repeated attacks of several 
species of beetles, and individual trees or small stands of cedar repro- 
duction are often killed by a species of Phloeosinus. Trees attacked 
by this beetle are killed outright in one summer, turning pale yellow 
by July and generally dying by October 1. To control insects in 
reproduction, all infested trees should be felled and burned during 
the fall, winter, or spring months before the beetles have emerged. 
When numbers of trees are found dying and there is evidence of 
primary insect injury the matter should be reported to the Bureau 
of Entomology with specimens of the insect or its work and request 
for information on the proper action to be taken. 
SNOW, WIND, GRAZING, ETC. 
As incense cedar occurs in close stands and more or less protected 
situations, snow and wind probably would cause comparatively little 
damage were it not for the brittleness of the tops and branches. As it 
is, exposed trees invariably show the effects of snow and high winds 
by irregular one-sided crowns and broken or distorted tops. Con- 
siderable damage also is done to young timber when a heavy fall of 
wet snow is followed by high winds, the brittle branches and tops 
being frequently snapped off. Throughout its life, however, incense 
cedar is highly persistent in endeavoring to overcome this handicap 
by sending up new leaders, a tendency which results in the charac- 
teristic pronglike tops so common on this species. 
Incense cedar is probably subject to less damage from logging than 
any of its associated species, the seedlings and smaller saplings being 
tough, firmly rooted, and able to survive considerable hard usage. 
For the same reasons and because of the protection offered by the 
resinous, highly pungent foliage, which renders it less palatable than 
its associates, it is seldom damaged by sheep and cattle. 
MANAGEMENT. 
GENERAL POLICY ON NATIONAL FORESTS. 
At the time the Forest Service first undertook the administration 
of the National Forests incense cedar was regarded as a weed tree; 
and, in early sales of Government timber, efforts were made to elimi- 
nate it from the stand by marking it heavily for cutting. Later, as 
the excellent character of the lumber derived from it when sound 
became known, this policy was modified and sound thrifty trees were 
spared when they did not interfere seriously with the development 
of the more highly valued species. To-day, in view of its increasing 
value, incense cedar is receiving more consideration and its possi- 
bilities are being studied in an effort to determine the methods best 
adapted to insure its perpetuation and maximum development. 
