8 BULLETIN 604, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
SHAKES AND SHINGLES. 
Incense cedar shakes were used in considerable quantities in the 
early days by settlers and prospectors, but have been displaced by 
sugar pine, and to-day the use of cedar for this purpose is limited to 
an occasional tree cut by some miner or " sky " rancher. 
The use of incense cedar for shingles is of considerable importance 
locally where the general market is not readily accessible. It makes 
an excellent shingle, but the small amount of sound timber available 
has prevented its being exploited as a shingle material. Throughout 
its range the small sawmills supplying the local market frequently 
cut shingles in limited quantities for home consumption. For this 
purpose cedar is usually sold in bolts by the cord, the stumpage 
price being about $1 per cord or $2 per thousand feet board measure. 
In the local market incense cedar shingles bring from $2.50 to $5 
per thousand according to quality, averaging from $3.50 to $3.75. 
In one instance reported the prices quoted, per 1,000, were as follows: 
No. 1 clear heart cedar $5.00 
No. 2 heart and sap 3.75 
No. 3 sound knots 2.50 
MISCELLANEOUS USES. 
Among the various uses of incense cedar not mentioned above, its 
use as fuel is probably the most important, although the quantity 
consumed in this way is insignificant when compared with the total 
amount of fuel wood used annually. It burns readily, gives off con- 
siderable heat and but little smoke, and is frequently used where it 
is plentiful, being generally considered more desirable than pine. 
Its fuel value, according to Sargent, is 54 per cent that of white oak. 
In a number of logging operations it is used exclusively for cooking 
and heating around the camps. In 1911 and 1912 more than 1,800 
cords of this species were cut in the vicinity of the Shasta Na- 
tional Forest and disposed of locally for $4 and $4.50 a cord. Ordi- 
narily, however, little is sold; it is cut and used mostly by local 
inhabitants. 
In the raisin country at the upper end of the San Joaquin Valley 
incense cedar is used extensively for grape stakes. These are split 
out in much the same manner as posts and are hauled down from 
the mountains in small quantities and disposed of to the vineyardists 
in the valley, who utilize thousands of such stakes annually. It is 
in this region, too, that incense cedar is used for raisin trays, its light- 
ness, durability, and freedom from warping and checking making it 
particularly desirable. 
Experiments have been conducted by the Forest Service at its 
Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis., to determine the possi- 
