46 BULLETIN 1271, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
used, because they do not have a single physical product and they 
vary in age and weight so widely that a per head requirement would 
not be significant. 
The roughage requirements for livestock do not include straw. 
Usually the stock eat from a straw stack at will. Several classes of 
stock eat from the same stack. Often they trample more under 
foot, to be later hauled out as manure, than they actually eat. 
These practices have made it so difficult to get a complete and 
accurate record of straw consumed by each class of stock that this 
item has been omitted from the list of requirements. For the same 
reason no charge has been made for straw used for bedding. 
The range of requirements is presented for 1921.' The averages 
for 1920 are also shown. Livestock data for 1922 were not completed 
in time to be included in this study. 
As in the case of crops, the reasons for the variations in require- 
ments are mentioned in so far as is possible. Standard requirements 
are presented, which represent the accomplishment of those farmers 
who by their skill in feeding and handling their livestock attain the 
lowest requirements per unit of product. In computing these re- 
quirements, a standard of production is set which, while higher than 
the average, is easily within the reach of any farmer who follows the 
better practices in feeding and handling his stock. 
WORK HORSES 
FEED AND LABOR REQUIREMENTS 
The feed and labor requirements for work horses are presented in 
Table 36. The range of requirements for 1921 is shown together 
with averages for both 1920 and 1921. All horses are included in 
this table whether they are brood mares raising colts or geldings 
used exclusively for work. Labor on horses includes time spent 
feeding, watering, currying, harnessing, and caring for the horses. 
It also includes time spent cleaning and bedding the horse barn. 
It does not include indirect labor on horses, such as grinding feed or 
hauling hay or straw for them. In addition to feed and labor the 
amount of miscellaneous cash expense per horse is shown. This in- 
cludes shoeing, medicine, and veterinary attention. Since it is im- 
possible to reduce this to a physical-unit basis, it is shown as a cash 
amount. The number of hours worked by a horse is also given 
