FARM ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHWESTERN MINNESOTA 67 
Manure hauling is a task that can be shifted about in the labor 
program considerably. On some farms all manure is hauled directly 
from the barn to the field during most of the year. Since 73 per cent 
of the manure is applied to land that is to be planted to corn, the 
large amount of hauling in the spring represents the hauling out of 
the winter's accumulation as soon as it thaws, in order that it may 
be plowed under before the crop is planted. Eighteen per cent of 
the manure hauled is applied to land to be seeded to small grain and 
9 per cent to hay and pasture land. This hauling is fairly well dis- 
tributed throughout the year. 
MISCELLANEOUS CROP LABOR 
The labor requirements for crops as shown is preceding tables 
include only direct field work involved in producing these crops. 
They do not include labor expended in cleaning or treating seed, 
purchase of seed or materials required, cleaning grain or shelling 
corn for market, or any marketing work. The amount of this labor 
varied on different farms from 1 to 14 per cent of the total direct 
labor on crops. The average amount was 7 per cent of the man labor 
and 3H per cent of the horse labor. The amount of this " other 
labor" on crops on each farm in 1921 is shown in Table 45. 
MISCELLANEOUS LIVESTOCK LABOR 
The livestock labor presented heretofore includes only the regular 
daily chore work of feeding, bedding, milking cows, cleaning barns, 
and regular care of stock; and also such special work as caring for 
sick animals, buying and selling stock ; and any other direct work on 
stock performed at irregular intervals. In addition to this there is 
considerable time spent on each farm hauling and grinding feed, 
hauling bedding, and other operations which indirectly maintain the 
livestock and which usually serve several classes of stock jointly. 
The amount of this labor may range from 1 per cent of the direct 
man labor to as much as 14 per cent. The average amount of the 
farms studied was 6J^ per cent of the total direct man labor. On 
most farms the horse labor of this type exceeded the total direct 
horse labor on livestock, and the average amount was 40 per cent 
greater than the average amount of direct horse labor. The amount 
of this labor as well as the total hours on livestock on each farm in 
1921 is shown in Table 45. 
MAINTENANCE LABOR 
In addition to the direct and indirect labor required in the conduct 
of the crop and livestock enterprises, there is a considerable amount 
of maintenance or general upkeep work that is essential to the 
operation of the farm but is not directly chargeable to any enter- 
prise or group of enterprises. Furthermore, this is often unnecessary 
when choice of enterprises is the objective, because the amount of 
this work is usually affected only slightly by the choice between the 
different crops or kinds of livestock. However, it must be consid- 
ered in any attempt to forecast the labor program for a year. The 
amount of this labor on each farm is shown in Table 45, divided into 
five classes, and the total indicated as maintenance labor. 
