THE SUITABILITY OF AMERICAN WOODS FOR PAPER PULP 53 
Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera) 
Other names in use. — Canoe birch and white birch. 
Range. — From Labrador to Hudson Bay (southern shores) ; southward to New 
York (Long Island) and northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Wis- 
consin, North Dakota, South Dakota (Black Hills), eastern Nebraska, and Wyo- 
ming. The best stands occur in the central portion of Maine, in a strip extend- 
ing from the coast to the White Mountains of New Hampshire. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 34 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.2 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces easily. 
Unbleached pulp: Of poor color; fairly easy to bleach. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleached required: 10 to 20 per cent. 
By Soda Process 
Reduces with some difficulty. 
Unbleached pulp: Fairly easy to bleach. 
Yields: 35 to 40 per cent. 
Bleached required: 15 to 20 per cent. 
By Mechanical Process 
Characteristics similar to those of aspen except that the pulp, though light 
colored, has a pinkish tinge. 
Yellow Birch (Betula lutea) 
Other names in use. — Gray birch, swamp birch, and silver birch. The lumber 
is sold as birch. 
Range. — From Newfoundland and along the northern shores of St. Lawrence 
Gulf to Abitibi Lake and Rainy River; southward through northern Minnesota 
to central Iowa, and through the Northern States to eastern Tennessee, western 
North Carolina, northern Georgia, and Delaware. Wisconsin, Michigan, and 
New York have the largest stands. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 34 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.5 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Of good color; fairly easily bleached. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleached required: 15 to 20 per cent 
By Soda Process 
Reduces with some difficulity. 
Unbleached pulp: Fairly easy to bleach. 
Yields: 40 to 45 per cent. 
Bleach required: 15 to 20 per cent. 
By Mechanical Process 
Behavior probably similar to that of paper birch. 
Beech (Fagus grandifolia, formerly, F. atropunicea) 
Other names in use. — Red beech and white beech. 
Range. — New Brunswick to Lake Huron (northern shores) and Minnesota; 
south to western Florida and west to Missouri and Texas (Trinity River). 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 36 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.1 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Not determined. 
