THE SUITABILITY OF AMERICAN WOODS FOR PAPER PULP 00 
Red Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) 
Other names in use. — Gum, sweet gum, liquidambar, and star-leaved gum. In 
the lumber markets red gum is the name applied to the heartwood and sap gum 
to the sap wood of the tree. In foreign markets the heartwood is called satin 
walnut and the sap wood, hazel pine. 
Range. — From southwestern Connecticut to southeastern Missouri, Arkansas 
and Oklahoma, south to central Florida and eastern Texas. The commercial 
range is largely confined to the moist lands of the lower Ohio and Mississippi 
basins and the lowlands of the southeastern coast. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 27 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.6 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Dark colored and rather difficult to bleach, differing in this 
respect from pulps from the true gums (Nyssa). 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleach required : 35 to 40 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Limited chiefly by resistance to bleach. 
By Soda Process 
Reduces fairly readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Rather difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 35 to 40 per cent. 
Bleach required: 15 to 20 per cent. 
By Mechanical Process 
Behavior probably similar to that of black gum. 
Cucumber Magnolia (Magnolia acuminata) 
Other names in use. — Cucumber tree, cucumber, and mountain magnolia. The 
lumber is usually sold as yellow poplar. 
Range. — From western New York through southern Ontario and south to 
southern Illinois and Indiana, and south in the Applachian Mountains to southern 
Georgia, southern Alabama, and northeastern Mississippi, central Kentucky and 
Tennessee, northeastern, southern, and southwestern Arkansas, and eastern 
Oklahoma, and southwestern Missouri. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 27 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.3 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Dark colored, rather difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleach required: 25 to 30 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Limited chiefly by resistance to bleach. 
By Soda Process 
Reduces easily. 
Unbleached pulp: Rather difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleach required: 20 to 30 per cent. 
By Mechanical Process 
Behavior probably similar to that of black gum. 
Sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana australis, formerly included as a form of 
M. glauca) 
Other names in use. — White bay, swamp laurel, and swamp magnolia. 
Range. — From southeastern North Carolina (vicinity of Wilmington) and 
southward in the coast region of South Carolina and Georgia (to Randolph and 
Carroll Counties), throughout Florida, and westward in the Gulf States to eastern 
