60 BULLETIN 1485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces very imperfectly. 
Unbleached pulp: Specky and dark. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Limited chiefly by imperfect reduction. 
By Soda Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 35 to 40 per cent. 
Bleach required: 30 to 40 per cent. 18 
By Mechanical Process 
Not determined. 
American Elm (Ulmus americana) 
Other names in use. — White elm, water elm, and elm. The lumber is known 
variously as soft elm, gray elm, and hard gray elm. 
Range. — From southern Newfoundland to Lake Superior and to the eastern 
base of the Rocky Mountains, south to southern Florida, west to North Dakota, 
South Dakota, western Nebraska, central Kansas, Oklahoma, southwestern 
Arkansas, and west central Texas. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 27 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.6 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Behavior probably similar to that of rock elm. 
By Soda Process 
Readily reduced. 
Unbleached pulp: Fairly easy to bleach. 
Yields: 40 to 45 per cent. 
Bleach required: 25 to 30 per cent. 19 
By Mechanical Process 
Not determined. 
White Ash (Fraxinus americana) 
Other names in use. — Lumber of the several ashes is usually sold as "ash," and 
the term "white ash" is generally used to indicate heavy, strong material of high 
quality from which the lighter wood is excluded. Pumpkin ash is a term fre- 
quently employed to designate soft and brittle ash wood. 
Range. — White ash is found over nearly all the eastern half of the United 
States. It occurs from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Florida and west- 
ward through southern Quebec and Ontario to eastern Minnesota, eastern 
Nebraska and Kansas, Oklahoma, southwestern Arkansas, and eastern Texas. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 34 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.2 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces fairly readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Of" poor color, specky; rather difficult to bleach. 
Yields : 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleach required: 20 to 30 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited : Few. 
By Soda Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp : Rather difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 40 to 45 per cent. 
Bleach required: 25 to 30 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Few. 
By Mechanical Process 
Not determined. 
15 From 15 to 20 per cent when cooked by sulphate process to yields stated. 
14 About IS to 24 per cent when cooked by sulphate process to yields stated. 
