THE SUITABILITY OF AMERICAN WOODS FOR PAPER PULP 61 
Red Oak (Quercus borealis maxima, formerly Q. rubra) 
Other names in use. — Black oak, spotted oak, mountain oak, and Spanish oak. 
The term "red oak" is used commercially to indicate the wood of a number of 
species included in the red-oak group, which is one of the two groups (namely 
"red" and "white") into which the oaks are divided commercially in the trade. 
Range. — The northern range is not fully determined. Red oak occurs from 
western New York and Pennsylvania westward through Ohio and southern 
Michigan and southward to Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi to 
Arkansas and Oklahoma; westward to eastern Nebraska and central Kansas. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 35 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.5 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Of fair color, but specky; rather difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleach required : 20 to 25 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited : Limited chiefly by speckiness. 
By Sulphate Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Rather difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 35 to 40 per cent. 
Bleach required: 15 to 25 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: When undercooked, high yields are obtained of 
a pulp suitable for. the manufacture of wrapping paper of fair strength; otherwise 
possible uses are few. 
By Mechanical Process 
Not determined. 
White Oak (Quercus alba) 
Other names in use. — "West Virginia soft white oak," stave oak, and "forked- 
leaf white oak" are trade names. Lumber of several other species of the white 
oak group is classed as "white oak". 
Range. — From southern Maine to southwestern Quebec and through southern 
Ontario, Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and southern Minnesota, eastern Iowa, 
southeastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma; south 
to western Florida and eastern Texas. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 37 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.5 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces with some difficulty. 
Unbleached pulp: Specky; difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleach required: 30 to 35 per cent. 
By Soda Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Very difficult to bleach. 
Yields: 35 to 40 per cent. 
Bleach required: 35 to 40 per cent.? 
By Mechanical Process 
Not determined. 
Mockerntjt Hickory (Hicoria alba) 
Other names in use. — Mockernut hickory, mockernut, and white heart hickory. 
The lumber is generally sold as hickory, a name under which several hickories 
are included. 
Range. — Southwestern Ontario to Florida and west to southeastern Iowa, 
Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, and southwestern Arkansas, and in the Gulf States 
to eastern Texas. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 40 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 1.4 mm. 
20 About 22 to 25 per cent when cooked by sulphate process to yields stated. 
