44 BULLETIN 1485, XJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
By Mechanical Process 
Reduces readily. 
Pulp: Light grayish green in color. 
Power required : 40 to 50 per cent more than for white spruce to obtain standard 
strength. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Practically all uses requiring ground wood. 
Western Larch (Larix occidentalis) 
Other names in use. — Larch, tamarack, hackmatack, red American larch, and 
western tamarack. The lumber is variously called western larch, Montana 
larch, Oregon larch, and British Columbia tamarack. 
Range. — Southern British Columbia and south in the Cascade Mountains to 
the Columbia River, and to western Montana; also in southeastern Washington, 
northeastern Oregon, and northern Idaho. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 28 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 2.6 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces with difficulty and very unevenly. 
Unbleached pulp: Brash, shivy, and dark in color; bleaches to fairly satis- 
factory product. 
Yields: 40 to 45 per cent of pulp for bleaching. 
Bleach required: 15 to 25 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Low-grade wrapping papers. 
By Sulphate Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Very strong. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent of strong pulp. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: High-grade kraft wrapping papers and fiber 
board. 
By Mechanical Process 
Reduces with difficulty. 
Pulp: Rather coarse, decidely brown in color. 
Power required: Two and half times more than for white spruce, to obtain 
standard strength. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Limited by poor color and coarseness. 
Incense Cedar (Libocedrus decurrcns) 
Other names in use. — Cedar, post cedar, bastard cedar, and California post 
cedar. 
Range. — From northwestern Oregon southward through California into Mexico 
and Lower California. The commercial range is confined largely to the moun- 
tains of northern California and southern Oregon. 
• Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 23 pounds. 
Fiber length. — 2 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces fairly readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Very dark in color; bleaches with difficulty. 
Yields: 40 to 45 per cent. 
Bleach required: More than 35 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Limited chiefly by poor color. 
By Sulphate Process 
Reduces readily. Best results obtained at cooking temperatures corresponding 
to steam pressures below 80 pounds per square inch. 
Unbleached pulp: Fine fibered and very strong, but strength easily impaired 
by too high temperatures during cooking. 
Yields: 40 to 45 per cent of strong pulp, 35 to 40 per cent of pulp for bleaching. 
Bleach required: More than 30 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Kraft wrapping papers and fiber board. 
By Mechanical Process 
Pulp too dark for ordinary ground-wood uses. 
