42 BULLETIN 1485, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
By Sulphate Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Fairly stroug. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Probably enough turpentine can be recovered from the digester relief to war- 
rant consideration. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Kraft wrapping papers and fiber board which 
do not require maximum strength. 
By Mechanical Process 
Too resinous for grinding. 
4. HEMLOCKS AND OTHER CONIFERS 
Carolina Hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) 
Other names in use. — Spruce pine, hemlock, and hemlock spruce. 
Range. — Mountains of southwestern Virginia and western North Carolina to 
northern Georgia; very local. 
Oven-dry weight -per cubic foot, green volume. — 30 pounds. 
Fiber length . — 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces fairly readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Slightly lighter in color than eastern hemlock sulphite, but 
otherwise similar; fairly easily bleached. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent. 
Bleach required: 20 to 30 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Same as for eastern hemlock. 
By Sulphate Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Strong. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent of strong pulp, 35 to 40 per cent of pulp for blenching. 
Bleach : More than 30 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: Same as for eastern hemlock. 
By Mechanical Process 
Behavior probably similar to that of eastern hemlock. 
Eastern Hemlock {T*uga canadensis) 
Other names in use. — Hemlock, hemlock spruce, and spruce pine. 
Range. — Nova Scotia to eastern Minnesota, to southwestern Wisconsin, 
southern Michigan, and Indiana; southward in the Atlantic coast region to 
Delaware and Maryland, and southward along the mountains to northern Ala- 
bama and Georgia. 
Oven-dry weight per cubic foot, green volume. — 24 pounds. 
. Fiber length. — 3 mm. 
By Sulphite Process 
Reduces fairly readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Very strong, as compared with spruce sulphite; darker in 
color and with a decided reddish-gray tone; fibers somewhat coarser and more 
readily hydrated in the beater; fairly easily bleached. 
Yields: 40 to 45 per cent. 
Bleach required: 15 to 25 per cent. 
Uses to which pulp is suited: News, wrapping, book, and high-grade printing 
papers. 
By Sulphate Process 
Reduces readily. 
Unbleached pulp: Very strong. 
Yields: 45 to 50 per cent of strong pulp, 40 to 45 per cent of pulp for bleaching. 
Bleach required: 20 to 30 per cent in one stage, or 10 to 20 per cent in two 
stages. 
Uses to which pulp is suited : High-grade kraf t wrapping papers and fiber board. 
