8 BULLETIN 1101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Dry roughage includes various hays and other bulky feeds. Dry 
roughage is divided into the three following classes: Noncommercial 
dry roughage applies to coarse feeds, such as corn fodder and other 
roughages for which price quotations are not given in the trade 
papers. Hay or other dry roughage so foul with weeds or so damaged 
in curing as not to be readily salable was also classified under this 
heading. Commercial legume hay includes alfalfa, clover, and other 
marketable legume hays, when pure, or when so slightly mixed with 
grasses as not materially to affect the protein content. Commercial 
carbohydrate hay refers to all marketable hays except those classified 
as legume hay. 
Succulent roughage consists of corn silage, potatoes, beets, and soil- 
ing crops. 
The quantities of the various feeds used were obtained from actual 
weighings made by the field agent on his regular monthly visit to each 
farm. 
Purchased concentrates were charged at the prices paid. The home- 
grown grains were given the farm price. Charges for hauling and 
grinding home-grown grain were not included in the price but were 
recorded separately. The value of silage was based upon the value 
of the grain and roughage in it, less the difference between the cost 
of harvesting the corn and the cost of putting it into the silo. 
PASTURE. 
The rent for permanent pasture was determined by adding to the 
interest on the unimproved value of the land the cost of maintaining 
fences and incidentals, such as seeding. Where stubble land was pas- 
tured after the grain had been harvested or when meadows were 
grazed after the hay had been removed, a charge was made equal to 
the rent value of permanent pasture for the month which best repre- 
sented the quantity of feed obtained from the stubble or meadow. 
Some of the herds had the run of cheap bottom-land pasture, worth 
about one-fifth the value of cultivated land. Two other herds were 
short of pasture practically all the time during the two years of 
study. This latter fact materially increased the cost of production. 
LABOR. 
Throughout tlyis 2-year study the cost of management has not been 
included in th^ charge for labor, because no satisfactory basis has 
been found upon which to make this charge. The physical labor of 
the manager was charged up at the same rate per hour as he would 
have had to pay if he had hired a man of equal skill to take his place. 
