30 | BULLETIN 963, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
can be pulverized and placed in condition much more readily with 
the disk harrow than with any other implement. 
In the 1915-16 survey, just as in the current survey, comparatively 
few farmers gave estimates on disking. 
LEVELING. 
The leveler is almost indispensable on an irrigated farm. It is 
usually homemade, a frame of planks on edge, and the original cost 
should not exceed the actual cash outlay for the timber, bolts, and 
rods which are used in its construction. Although the primary object 
is to bring the surface to an even grade, more is accomplished than 
actually leveling the plowed soil. The leveler serves to break or 
crush many clods and also firms the seed bed. In this way leveling 
assists in securing the degree of pulverization essential in a good 
seed bed. 
In the order of operations, leveling occupies an intermediate place 
between plowing and planting. LEssentially the entire beet acreage 
was gone over with this implement. Exceptions may be found on 
farms in the Idaho Falls and Twin Falls districts. It will be noted, 
however, that floating the land was much more common in these two 
districts than at Lehi and Garland. The latter operation undoubtedly 
took the place of leveling. 
The most common crew for leveling in the Lehi area consisted of 
one man and three horses. In the remaining districts the usual crew 
was one man and four horses. Leveling was done at the rate of 8 to 
10 acres per day. 
FLOATING. 
The float is designed primarily to crush clods (fig. 7) and firm 
the ground, but it does not leave the land in as good condition for 
irrigation as does the leveler. It is constructed out of planks lapped 
one upon another, forming a stepped surface that comes in contact 
with the soil. The average width of this implement is approximately 
8 feet. This homemade device is often attached to the rear of the 
harrow. Occasionally the same result may be obtained by affixing 
a single plank behind the harrow. The usual crew consisted of one 
man and three horses. Approximately 10 to 13 acres per day were 
covered with this implement. 
HARROWING. 
The toothed harrow is an important tillage implement on every 
farm. It is not only used extensively in the preparation of land 
which is to be seeded to grain, but it also plays a very important 
part in the development of a suitable seed bed for intertilled crops. 
Two types were found in these districts, namely, the common spike- 
tooth harrow and the spring-tooth harrow. 
