CONTROL OF GRAPE-BERRY MOTH. 6 
vines and plowing three successive furrows of soil toward the 
vines. Thus all leaves and trash in the vineyard are covered with 
from 3 to 5 inches of soil and ideal winter protection is afforded 
the hibernating pupa? which are in cocoons in the old grape leaves 
(PL II, fig. 2). In the spring before time for moth emergence this 
soil is worked awa} r from the vines. In the Sandusky region it is 
plowed away and in grape sections near Cleveland it is removed 
with a disk or worked away with a shovel cultivator. This cul- 
tivation breaks the crust formed in the winter and in many cases 
turns to the surface the pupae (PI. I, fig. 3) that were plowed under 
the previous fall. This practice of covering the pupae for the winter 
and then uncovering them early in the spring protects them from the 
extreme winter and allows the moths to emerge in the spring. 
Pupae of the berry moth, kept in the insectary yard at Sandusky 
under conditions similar to those described for the vineyards, lived 
through the winters of 1916-17 and 1917-18. In the spring of 1917 
the emergence was 20 per cent and in 1918, after an unusually severe 
winter, it was 26 per cent. Comparative data are not at hand for 
the same winters with pupae exposed as they would be in a vineyard 
plowed before grape harvest and then left until spring. In experi- 
mental work reported by Isely, 1 however, it was found that subsequent 
emergence from cocoons left through the winter of 1915-16 
under exposed conditions in the vineyard was but 5 per cent as com- 
pared with 30 per cent emergence where the cocoons were covered 
by 2 inches of earth and then uncovered before time for emergence 
in the spring. 
Since late plowing away in the spring is objectionable in northern 
Ohio from a horticultural standpoint, the writers recommend that 
when cultivation is completed in July the vineyards, whenever pos- 
sible, be placed in final cultural condition for the winter and then 
that they be left in that condition until the next spring. The only 
objection to this practice is the excessive growth of weeds, which in- 
terferes with harvesting. This can be overcome by seeding a cover 
crop at the completion of cultivation. 
METHOD OF HARVEST. 
A large part of all the grapes in these sections and practically 
all of the Catawba variety were formerly sold for wine making. 
Since no particular packing is required for this market, all sorting 
is done in the vineyards by the pickers. Wormy berries are cut or 
shaken out of the clusters and allowed to fall to the ground and to 
remain in the vineyard. It appears that any other method of dis- 
posing of the infested grapes would be more costly in labor than 
would be warranted now that satisfactory control may be secured 
by spraying. 
1 Isely, Dwight, op. cit. 
