ig BULLETIN 274, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
transit, and this necessarily limits the distance to which they can 
be shipped in good condition. The crate ordinarily used holds 24 
cups in 2 layers of 12 baskets each, and has a middle partition board. 
The removable veneer used to separate the top and bottom tiers is 
fitted into notches cut into the end and middle partition. The pony 
refrigerator used in this section holds 54 cups in 6 layers of 9 cups 
each. (See fig. 16.) An ice pan, with drainage, is placed in the 
top of the carrier, the refrigeration provided being i in proportion to 
the capacity and ‘the quantity of ice in the ice pan. This method 
of shipment is utilized throughout the season to supply markets at 
a considerable distance that can not handle full carload lots and that 
can not be reached without the utilization of refrigeration. 
ic, 11.—Picking red raspberries at Sumner, Wash., in a yard in which the new canes 
have been gathered together in the middle of the row in order to facilitate picking 
operations. 
During the main part of the season most of the berries are shipped 
in express refrigerator cars. These cars are attached to regular fast 
passenger trains and go through on passenger schedules. The cars 
are fully iced at least 12 hours before loading, and after they are 
fully loaded from 100 to 200 pounds of salt is mixed in with the 
crushed or broken ice in each bunker. At icing stations the cars are 
re-iced and may also be resalted. While salt melts the ice more 
rapidly, it supplies more refrigeration than would be the case if no 
salt was used. Every effort is made to get all of the fruit of a day’s 
picking into refrigerator cars as soon as possible and to start the 
cars on the same ‘day or evening that the berries are picked and 
loaded. The standard load for all except Canadian points is 545 
crates, loaded 8 and 9 high in rows of 5 across the car. The load is 
well cleated and braced in the center, so that there is seldom any 
shifting or breakage in transit. The carload shipments are sent to 
