HOW UNITED STATES CAN MEET PULP-WOOD REQUIREMENTS. 67 
increase in the spruce, fir-hemlock cut of about 3,916,000 cords annually, in the 
pine-pulp-wood cut of 773,000 cords, and in the cut of various hardwoods of 
196,000 cords. 
The third phase of the problem is to meet increasing future paper require- 
ments from our own forests if possible. This, based upon the increase in require- 
ments of the past decade or two, would necessitate a further increase in the 
spruce-fir-hemlock pulp-wood cut of 237,000 cords a year, in the pine cut of 
110,000, and in the hardwood cut of 23,000 cords. Upon the basis of possible 
paper consumption of 13 1 million tons by approximately 1950, there would be 
required at that time, under present manufacturing practices, nearl} r 12 million 
cords a year of spruce, fir, and hemlock pulp wood, 2 million cords of pine, and 
a little over 1 million cords of hardwood, or a total of about 15 million cords. 
THE SOLUTION. 
ESSENTIAL SUPPLEMENTARY MEASURES. 
One possibility of making less difficult the solution of the three phases of the 
general pulp-wood supply problem is through new or modified pulping processes 
to increase the number of species available for pulp, and particularly for sulphite 
and mechanical pulp: If such an increase can include species which still remain 
in comparative abundance in the Middle Atlantic, New England, and Lake 
States, it will be of the first importance in relieving the present crisis. 
Some relief can be secured in the spruce-fir-hemlock problem by shifting sul- 
phate-pulp production more largely or altogether to pine or larch. Bleached 
sulphate pulp can also be substituted to a much greater extent for bleached 
sulphite pulp in book and similar papers, with corresponding reduction in spruce, 
fir, and hemlock requirements. Similarly, unbleached sulphate can be sub- 
stituted for the sulphite in boards and wrapping paper. 
It should also be possible to reduce the pulping waste in the chemical processes, 
where now in general only about 45 per cent of the original weight of the wood 
appears as pulp, and to reduce present pulp-wood and pulp losses from decay. 
The reuse of waste paper has grown to 29 per cent of our total paper consump- 
tion; but, if need be, it can be made to furnish to new paper much more than its 
present contribution of 1,850,000 tons a year. 
The use of woods and sawmill waste in pulp and paper making has actually 
decreased during the past 15 years, despite rapidly increasing pulp-wood prices. 
About 20 million cords a year of the sawmill waste in species suitable for pulp 
can not be saved in lumber manufacture. Even with a great reduction in lumber 
cut and large allowance for the mills from which waste can not be secured, any- 
thing approaching the Swedish plan of integrated lumber and pulp industries 
would permit a vast increase in the utilization of waste over our 1922 total of 
less than 90,000 cords. Ultimately, with such an organization of industries and 
utilization as in Sweden, we could nearly double our 15 million cord pulp-wood 
objective without reducing saw-timber production. 
GROWING PULP WOOD THE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION. 
All of these measures have a distinct and important place in the solution of our 
pulp and paper problem, and full advantage must be taken of them. Through 
some of them immediate results can possibly be secured to relieve critical situa- 
tions. The main reliance in ultimately and fully meeting our pulp-wood require- 
ments must, however, be placed upon the growing of timber. The possible 
margin of growth on our present area of forest land, under intensive forest man- 
agement, over the present drain, would ultimately amount to about 12 million 
cords of the pulp species. To this could be added the part of about 11 million 
