HOW UNITED STATES CAN MEET PULP-WOOD REQUIREMENTS. 47 
pulp is being diverted to supplement failing spruce supplies. Unfortunately, 
however, entomologists believes that an epidemic of jack-pine sawfiy, which has 
already done extensive damage in Canada, now threatens the jack pine of Minne- 
sota and the Lake States. There is also a relatively large stand of aspen of good 
quality, estimated at 15 million cords, which might be made the basis of a soda- 
pulp industry of perhaps 100,000 cords a year. This species is now being cut 
for soda pulp only- in very small quantities. There is also a stand of tamarack 
suitable for sulphate pulp, estimated at 15 million cords, but 60 per cent dead. 
Dead tamarack, however, remains suitable for pulp wood for a long period. 
FUTURE TIMBER GROWTH IN . THE LAKE STATES. 
The total area of spruce-fir lands in the Lake States is about 43^ million acres, 
slightly less than half that in New England, but nearly twice that in New York. 
(Table 46.) Growth under intensive forest management will probably average 
slightly less than in either. It is estimated that, under intensive forest manage- 
ment upon the entire area, approximately 1,360,000 cords of spruce and fir could 
eventually be grown each year. (Table 56.) This, for all three states, combined, 
would leave a margin of about 400,000 cords of spruce and fir in excess of the 
total 1920 spruce-fir lumber cut and pulp-wood consumption, including imports 
from Canada. The latter amount would be available to replace hemlock, or 
for an enlarged pulp and paper production, or for other uses. 
Possible growth in the pine type, under intensive forest management, has been 
estimated at more than 12^ million cords a year. The white and Norway pine 
of which the stand is composed in part would probably be so valuable for other 
purposes that they would be available only to a small extent for pulp and paper 
making. It is reasonable to assume, however, that possibly 1 to 2 million cords 
a year of jack pine, which is also produced in the pine type, would be available 
for pulp. In addition to a possible use for sulphite pulp, it is entirely suitable 
for sulphate pulp. Instead of waiting for the general development of forestry 
over the entire area of pine lands it would be entirely feasible for the pulp and 
paper industry to devote a part of these lands to jack-pine production, and 
thereby meet their own requirements. Tamarack also is suitable for sulphate 
pulp and may become a factor if the sawfiy can be controlled. 
Growth in the beech-birch-maple type can also be brought to a very large 
figure, in excess of 10 million cords a year. Possibly methods of timber growing 
may be developed under which hemlock can be kept an important species in this 
type as at present. It is rather to be expected, however, that the 530,000 cords 
(1920) of hemlock now used for pulp will, after the exhaustion of virgin supplies, 
have to be secured largely or altogether from other species. In any case the type 
includes species of value for soda-pulp manufacture, and a large volume compared 
with present use would be available, notwithstanding large present and probable 
future demand for these species for lumber and similar purposes. 
On the whole, therefore, from the standpoint of timber production alone, there 
is a possibility, under intensive forest management, of a more varied and a very 
much larger permanent pulp and paper industry than at present, although there 
are very definite limitations on the size of the industry which can be supported on 
spruce and fir alone, and hemlock apparently offers little beyond two decades. 
Altogether, with a possible annual growth of nearly 31 million cords of pulp 
species, a pulp cut of any amount up to 5 million cords would not be unreasonable. 
PACIFIC COAST STATES. 
The preceding discussion of the three State groups where the American pulp 
and paper industry is now centered clearly indicates the serious objections to en- 
larging the spruce-nr-hemiock cut sufficiently to make up all or any part of the 
