46 BULLETIN 1241, I\ S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
may in more severe competition take higher-grade logs in addition, and they 
may as heretofore purchase from farmers second-growth hemlock, exceedingly 
limited though it is, and thereby aid in eliminating the possibility of future hem- 
lock stands. The heavy hemlock cut for lumber, which is nearly twice that for 
pulp in Wisconsin, the cut for other purposes, and losses from fire, insects, disease, 
and windfall, the failure of hemlock to reproduce up to the present time except 
in very limited quantities, and the small holdings of pulp companies, ail tend to 
offset the seeming advantage from the size of the present stand. In spire of these 
handicaps the cut of helmock can probably be increased to a greater or less 
extent for a relative!}- limited period, possibly for two decades, to offset decreas- 
ing supplies of spruce. But there is little promise of any material enlargement of 
the industry on the basis of helmock supplies in the immediate future, and there 
seems to be no chance for a permanent enlargement. 
As in Michigan, only the jack. pine remains. Wisconsin has a stand of 10 
million cords, in part so scattered as to be unavailable and in part certain to be 
demanded for other use. This can probably be supplemented from the upper 
peninsula and Minnesota. Entomologists believe however that the jack-pine 
stands of the Lake States are threatened by an attack of the jack-pine sawfly, and 
this may reduce the amount available. Just what losses may result, and how 
they may affect future pulp-wood supplies, it is impossible to predict with certainty. 
The present sulphite industry can possibly, however, be maintained on hemlock 
and jack pine until new supplies of the pulp timbers can be grown, if the most 
energetic efforts to grow them are begun immediately and generally. Otherwise, 
barring new pulp processes, future curtailment is inevitable, with or without 
pulp-wood imports. For mechanical pulp the prospects are far less favorable, 
because it depends chiefly upon spruce, uses hemlock only at a comparative 
disadvantage, and finds jack pine still less satisfactory. 
Possible timber production under intensive forest management will be consid- 
ered for the rhree Lake States as a group. It may, however, be stated here that 
the possibilities of growing hemlock in the future are not very bright under any 
methods of management no v known. The amount of spruce grown in Wisconsin 
will not be large enough because of the relatively small area of spruce lands in the 
Sttete: It should be possible to grow very much larger quantities of jack and 
other pines, from which, if proper methods can be developed, the sulphite if not 
the mechanical-pulp industry can be perpetuated. 
MINNESOTA. 
Mcchaniofd and sulphite pulp and newsprint paper .-ire the chief products of 
the Minnesota mills. Minnesota imports no pulp wood from Canada but rather, 
as stated, ships a considerable amount into Wisconsin. Fully 0i> per cent of the 
1920 pulp-wood consumption of the St&te was spruce, and unfortunately the 
.stand of this timtx small and widely scattered. Because <>f the 
latter fact, probably not over naif of the total estimated spruce stand <>*" .3 million 
cords can be counted on for the immediate future, and even less of the 3 million 
cords of fir, which is defective. .VD.) The lumber and pulp-wood cut 
together, including shipments to Wisconsin, and without the cu1 for other 
purposes, tosses From lire, insects, and disej probably nearer tioo.000 than 
500,000 cords annually. Eoeses of both balsam and spruce are known to be 
arge already from; - :of ttie spruce budworm which has assumed epidemic 
proportions. The extent of cepL by current growth i< unknown. 
According to tie- best data available, therefore, the future of sulphite and 
p making in N&iaueeota is very precarious if reiianct [fi '>-> be upon 
SpiUCfl alone. There i>, however, a much larger stand ^i jack pine, estimated at 
1») million cords, to which sulphite requirement*, 'f IU>{; those for mechanical 
