HOW UNITED STATES CAN MEET PULP-WOOD REQUIREMENTS. 45 
from the upper peninsula, in competition with the Wisconsin pulp mills, from 
lumber companies which hold and cut most of the timber. A solution of the 
problem of the immediate future through the greater utilization of hemlock is 
not so promising as it might be. 
The greatest opportunity will be a shift, already in process to the jack-pine 
stands, which are double those of spruce and fir, although in part so scattered as 
to be unavailable under present conditions, or under any that are likely to obtain 
in the near future. Jack pine, however, in case of need may possibly be made to 
carry t he sulphite industry until forestry measures can insure a permanent timber 
supply. Even this will depend to some extent upon how serious an epidemic of 
jack-pine sawfly, now apparently beginning in the Lake States, proves to be, and 
upon the growing demand for jack pine for other purposes. Michigan mills 
manufacture practically no soda pulp. But there is enough aspen, basswood, 
beech, birch, and maple on the lower peninsula to support an industry of perhaps 
50,000 to 100,000 cords a year. Possible timber production under intensive 
forest management will be discussed for the Lake States as a whole, the only 
manner in which the character of the data available justifies. 
WISCONSIN. 
Wisconsin has for many years ranked third among the States in pulp produc- 
tion, and now approaches New York closely. Its production is confined largely 
to mechanical and sulphite pulps. It ranks about third in both newsprint and 
total paper production. 
Although only about 27,500 cords of spruce pulp wood were imported in 1920 
from Canada, Wisconsin is in about as critical a condition as to available supplies 
within its own boundaries as any other State. The tendency among the Wisconsin 
mills has been to acquire only small holdings to tide over possible emergencies, 
and to depend upon the open pulp-wood or log market for normal supplies. The 
stand of spruce in the State, probably about 1 million cords, of which only a part 
is available for pulp wood, is so small that it could hardly supply the spruce 
requirements of local mills for more than two or three years if they were entirely 
dependent upon it. Although the total stand of fir is somewhat larger, probably 
still less than of spruce is available for pulp wood. The hemlock stands, while 
originally extensive and still amounting to more than 30 million cords, are held 
very largely by lumber companies, so that aside from their own timber holdings 
paper mills have to secure hemlock logs in competition with the sawmills. 
(Table 58.) 
In 1920 a representative of one of the companies purchasing pulp wood for a 
large number of mills stated that spruce supplies for the Wisconsin mills were in 
1904 secured largely in Wisconsin, and that in 1915 these mills had to bring their 
material from farther north, in Minnesota, but that it was rarely necessary to 
go more than 50 miles north of Duluth. In 1920 a material part of the supplies 
came from the extreme northern part of Minnesota. Spruce was being hauled 
in 1920 from 700 to 750 miles by rail from Minnesota to Wisconsin mills, and 
from 1,000 to 1,200 miles from Canada. Meanwhile, the competition of Minne- 
sota mills, alarmed as to their own future supplies, had become so severe that 
Wisconsin was forced to secure its spruce in rapidly increasing quantities and at 
higher freights from the northern peninsula of Michigan. 
Most of the spruce and fir now used comes either from Minnesota or the upper 
peninsula. Competition of Minnesota mills threatens gradually to eliminate that 
source, and the upper Michigan supply is comparatively limited. For hemlock, 
of which a much larger stand still remains both in Wisconsin and the upper 
peninsula, the mills can draw on their own small holdings in both. States; to a 
certain extent they may be able to trade their hardwood timber for hemlock; 
they can as in the past purchase the poorer logs from logging operations. They 
