44 BULLETIN 1241, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
instead. Large stands of these species have usually, up to the present, been 
passed over, and the possibility of growth exceeds those in the spruce-fir type by 
approximately a million cords a year. Competition for these species for other 
purposes will grow, however. The mills of Massachusetts can draw upon suit- 
able species from the oak-chestnut-yellow poplar and oak-pine types, which 
could supply larger quantities than at present. 
• The situation which must be met in Xew England is primarily that of increas- 
ing the growth of spruce and fir rapidly enough to prevent a serious curtailment 
in the more immediate future of mechanical-sulphite pulp and newsprint paper 
production. All of the information available indicates that, without a possible 
use of other species by new pulp processes, there will have to be some curtailment 
of production through the gradual exhaustion of domestic supplies. Such ex- 
haustion, even though it is not aggravated by other conditions, will unquestion- 
ably tend to force the development of an industry in other parts of the United 
States. Increased pulp and paper production in the Northeast can only follow 
timber yields, brought about by intensive forest management, higher than the 
drain on the forest. 
LAKE STATES. 
Although the pulp- wood import problem of the Lake States is only 7 per 
cent of that of the entire United States, these States rank below only the Xew 
England and the Middle Atlantic States as a center of pulp and paper produc- 
tion. They manufactured in 1920 over 20 per cent of the wood pulp in the 
United States, mostly for newsprint paper, and Michigan and Wisconsin have a 
large production of other papers. The question of first importance, and one of 
the immediate future, is the possibility of making up from our own forests, if 
necessary, the 70,000 (1920) cords of spruce pulp-wood imports of Michigan and 
Wisconsin. The second problem, also one of the immediate future, is the possi- 
bility in a region with a well-developed industry of enlarging the scale of manu- 
facture enough at least to offset a possible curtailment in the two State groups 
already discussed. The third problem relates to the size of the industry which 
can be maintained permanently in the future, and particularly whether there is 
the opportunity to reduce our imports of paper and pulp by means of an enlarged 
pulp-wood cut. These considerations place the Lake States immediately follow- 
ing the Middle Atlantic and Xew England in point of urgency. 
MICHIGAX. 
Michigan ranks fourth among the States in paper production, but confines its 
output almost entirely to book, other high-grade papers, and boards. The 
total stand of spruce and fir is estimated at 6 million cords (Table 57), half of 
which is fir so defective that it is a much smaller factor than its total would 
indicate. The total stand of the State does not make a very good showing in 
relation to the present lumber cut and consumption of domestic pulp wood, 
amounting to about 130,000 cords (1920), and further I lie geographical separa- 
tion of the upper peninsula, which contains the great bulk of the stand, makes 
this timber tributary chiefly to the Wisconsin mills. The Michigan mills, most 
of which are on the lower peninsula, are thrown back on the small scattered 
spruce-fir areas in the swamps of the lower peninsula, and already secure nearly 
40 per C( ill <>f their spruce and fir from Canada. With or without imports of 
pulp wood, the outlook of the immediate future for spruce and fir promises to be 
instead of better. 
Hemlock in Michigan is used for sulphite pulp nearly as extensively as spruce. 
The hemlock stands, three times as large as the spruce and fir, are mostly on the 
upper peninsula. The lower peninsula pulp mills secure their hemlock mainly 
