HOW UNITED STATES CAN MEET PULP-WOOD REQUIREMENTS. 43 
American wood, of which possibly as much as 100,000 cords is secured chiefly 
from Maine, but some also from Vermont. They consume also about 75,000 
cords from Canada. Unless relief can be secured through new pulping processes, 
the outlook in New Hampshire is similar to that for Maine but far more serious. 
The effects of shortages would inevitably be extended in part to Maine and also 
to Vermont. Except as indicated, curtailment of production seems the only 
possible outlook. The hemlock supply is relatively small, and is available to 
such a limited extent that it affords no hope of relieving the situation. 
VERMONT. 
Vermont offsets its exports of spruce and fir to New York and New Hampshire 
to the extent of about 10,000 cords, on the basis of 1920 data, by imports from 
Canada. The data available (Table- 55) make it more or less uncertain whether 
the Vermont mills can continue at their present capacity, even though intensive 
measures of forest management are immediately put into effect on all of the 
spruce-fir lands. Unquestionably the margin is too small for any reasonable 
degree of satisfaction. Vermont, however, is in a very much better situation 
than New Hampshire, and probably even than Maine. 
POTENTIAL SPRUCE GROWTH IN NEW ENGLAND. 
The lumber and pulp-wood cut of spruce and fir in the three northern New 
England States now reaches above 2 million cords a year. Imports from Canada 
increase the consumption of the pulp mills by 180,000 cords of spruce and fir. 
The replacement by growth in the spruce-fir type, which has been estimated at 
1,060,000 cords, is now temporarily reduced by the spruce bud worm and is offset 
still further by additional losses of unknown amounts through other insects, fire, 
and disease. The opportunity for large production under intensive forest 
management, however, is very favorable. With such management applied to 
the entire 10 million acres of spruce-fir lands, growth could be brought ultimately 
to 3,850,000 cords. (Table 52.) Not all of the timber in the spruce-fir type 
consists of spruce and fir. On the other hand, the beech-birch-maple type in- 
cludes enough spruce and fir to balance. Future allowance must be made for 
probable use of spruce and fir for lumber and other purposes. But the total of 
3,850,000 cords is so far above present requirements, even when supplemented 
by imports from Canada, that it will well justify the most intensive efforts to 
bring it about. 
As a stimulus,, there is the 1920 cost of $26.78 per cord for imported spruce 
pulp wood delivered at the mill. This is unquestionably more than enough to 
cover the entire cost per cord of growing a crop of pulp timber. A large part of 
this cost grew out of the scarcity of timber, competition among purchasers for 
the available supplies, and high freight costs for excessive hauls. This is a sum 
which the pulp and paper industry might better have placed in such part as 
needed in timber cultural operations on American soil than in freight on Cana- 
dian wood. The total possible growth in the spruce-fir region of New England 
alone falls only about 650,000 cords short of the total 1922 pulp-wood cut of all 
speeies in the United States. 
SODA PULP WOOD IN NEW ENGLAND. 
No consideration has been given to the soda-pulp industry of New England. 
Maine mills take practically the entire Canadian export to New England, about 
54,000 cords (1920) of aspen a year. This volume could possibly be supplied 
from the scattered aspen stands of the State if it became necessary, and there 
would still be the entirely feasible possibility o( utilizing beech, birch, and maple 
