HOW UNITED STATES CAN MEET PULP- WOOD REQUIREMENTS. 89 
For some mills, or for modified processes, water shipments of pine and hardwoods 
from the South might be made. 
Hemlock, with a total stand in New York about the same as spruce and fir, 
is so widely scattered and so largely held and under manufacture by lumber 
companies that the pulp and paper industry has little opportunity to stave off 
the inevitable by shifting its requirements. 
To bring the spruce-fir lands into maximum timber growth under forest man- 
agement is a question of years, while the necessity of meeting current demands of 
the immediate future is in the worst cases a matter of months. Without radical 
changes in the pulping processes, of a character to be discussed later, which 
would make such species as beech, birch, and maple generally available for other 
pulps than soda, the gradual exhaustion of local supplies, regardless of any other 
factors, can therefore mean only one of two things for some, at least, and possibly 
many of the sulphite and mechanical mills — the manufacture of other materials 
than pulp, or closing down. 
Forestry measures already adopted are good as far as they go. The efficiency 
of fire protection, under the stimulus of timber scarcity and high stumpage prices 
and of State and Federal cooperation, is gradually improving. Some stands in 
the past have been cut to a fixed diameter limit, but other cultural operations 
and replanting of waste lands to secure full production are still almost entirely 
in the future. 
On the basis of the best data available, it is believed that ultimately under 
intensive forest management production on the entire acreage of the spruce-fir 
type in New York could be brought to 920,000 cords, which is practically enough 
to support permanently the full requirements of the existing industry if all were 
available. Possibly it could be supplemented enough from hemlock to offset 
the diversion of spruce and fir to other purposes. Long before that time, how- 
ever, the wide use of other species by modified processes seems to be the only 
means of retaining a substantial part of the present development. Otherwise 
the output of the mills which will pass out of existence must be made up by 
greater production in the other regions of the United States. 
Aspen, with an 85,000-cord pulp-wood import (1920) and a cut from within 
the State of less than one-third this amount, seems from the unsatisfactory data 
available to be as seriously jeopardized as a source of supplies for soda pulp as 
is spruce for sulphite and mechanical. Manufacture could if necessarj", however, 
be diverted to birch, beech, and maple, less desirable but still satisfactory, of 
which a stand still remains probably large enough to meet requirements until 
forest management could become fully effective. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
Pennsylvania was in 1920 fourth among the, States in the consumption of 
pulp wood. It was first in the production of soda pulp, and ranks high in the 
manufacture of book paper. It has in common with the New York industry a 
dependence upon spruce-fir forests for sulphite pulp. Data on which to base 
specific statements of timber supplies of various species, and the part of the sup- 
plies available for pulp and paper manufacture, are very meager and unsatis- 
factory. Such as warrant specific statement are incorporated In Table 51. 
It is most significant, however, that of the 17 pulp mills now operating in Penn- 
sylvania only one secures its- timber entirely from the State, and all but two 
others import all of their wood requirements. Seventy-four per cent of the pulp 
wood used by the mills of the State comes from outside, 45 per cent from Ontario 
and Quebec, and the rest from West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
and Michigan. One Pennsylvania company is even relogging old hemlock oper- 
ations for dead tops, stumps, and old logs. Eighty-five per cent of the 143,000 
