HOW UNITED STATES CAN MEET PULP-WOOD REQUIREMENTS. 7 
The widely varied group of papers classified under boards consumed in 1922 a 
volume almost equaling newsprint, 27 per cent of the total for the year. Its 
services have merely been more recent and possibly less spectacular than those of 
the printing and writing papers. Its uses range from the small, highly specialized 
packages used in the distribution of food and other products to the heavy, strong 
material which plays such an important part in making our homes more comfort- 
able. Wrapping paper, which in 1922 passed the million-ton mark, finds also 
a wide range of usefulness for business purposes and is scarcely less essential to 
the public health for the more sanitary handling of food. 
The wide range and varied uses of "all other" papers in everyday civilized 
life is barely suggested by naming a few of those which constitute the group: 
Blotting, hanging, fiber, carbon, copying, tissue, fruit wrapping, crepe, wax, 
onion skin, oiled, cigarette, insulating, manila, imitation parchment, novelties, 
cartridge, cork, stencil, leatherette, carpet felting, grease-proof, tar, and building 
paper. The demand in 1922 for these and other papers of the "all other" group 
aggregated in excess of 1 million tons. 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN INDUSTRY. 
Pulp and paper making in the United States, and in fact throughout the world, 
falls into two well-defined periods. During the first no wood at all was used, 
while during the second wood has supplied an increasingly large percentage of 
the raw material. The first period persisted until the late sixties of the past 
centurv. 
PRIOR TO THE USE OF WOOD. 
Paper making in the American Colonies is reported to have begun with a mill 
in Philadelphia, first operated in 1690. The shutting off of European paper 
during the Revolution greatly stimulated development and at its close the number 
of mills had increased to 80 or 90. By 1810 there were approximately 200 mills 
in the United States, and by 1850 there were 443. The early mills were small 
affairs employing but few hands and ordinarily supplying only local demands. 
One of the best in the Colonies in 1775, nearly 100 years after the first was built, 
reported a daily output of from 230 to 250 pounds of paper, contrast enough with 
the 1,600 times greater capacity of a modern newsprint plant which can produce 
200 tons a day. 
Colonial paper consumption was very small. Publication of the first newspaper 
began in 1704. The volume of correspondence hardly justified the existence of the 
small, unorganized colonial posts. Paper and books were luxuries even for the 
well-to-do. Approximately 3,000 books, pamphlets, etc., mostly small and with 
limited editions, are estimated to have been printed in all the Colonies up to 
about the time of the Revolutionary War, and the number of newspaper issues, 
none of which exceeded a few thousand copies, was approximately the same. The 
whole range of paper use was in fact exceedingly meager and restricted compared 
with that we now know. 
As contrasted with paper production in American mills of more than 7 million 
tons in 1922, the output of 1810 is estimated at 3,000 (Table 4). By 1819 pro- 
duction had more than quadrupled, while during the last century it has increased 
approximately five hundred sixty fold. The Civil War with its stimulus for 
news tripled the paper production of 1859 to the 386,000 tons of 1869. This marks 
the end of the period during which paper was made exclusively of other materials 
than wood. The final output was only 5 per cent of that of American mills in 
1922 and a still smaller part of our consumption during the latter year. 
Until 1859 linen and to a lesser extent cotton rags were the outstanding raw 
material for paper making in the United States as in Europe. All linen consumed 
