4 BULLETIN 1178, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
Slingerland (8) s in 1893 reported that kerosene-soap-oil emulsion 
mixes very satisfactorily with neutral Bordeaux mixture and that the 
precipitate settles more slowly than that of the plain Bordeaux mix- 
ture, which, made in the usual way, is reported as not mixing prop- 
erly. Orchard tests show that this combination spray does not 
spread as well as either of the two ingredients when applied sep- 
arately. Slingerland concludes that more effective results would be 
obtained by applying Bordeaux mixture and kerosene-oil emulsion 
separately. 
Marlatt (5) states that the combinations of neutral or slightly 
alkaline or decidedly alkaline Bordeaux mixtures with kerosene 
emulsion made with whale-oil soap or milk are satisfactory and very 
stable. The combination of Bordeaux mixture and milk-kerosene 
emulsion was applied on some pear trees and seemed to adhere about 
as well as plain Bordeaux mixture. 
Galloway (1) states that kerosene emulsifies readily with Bordeaux 
mixture, forming a compound more stable than the plain mixture. 
Tests made in a small way indicate that in most cases this combination 
spray wets the parts about as readily as plain Bordeaux mixture but 
does not seem to adhere quite as well. The insecticidal and fungi- 
cidal properties of the combination were not thoroughly tested in 
the field. 
About 1898 the late E. O. Painter, of Jacksonville, Fla., wrote to 
L. B. Skinner, of Dunedin, Fla., to the effect that he had tried the 
Bordeaux-kerosene emulsion for the control of citrus scab with 
excellent results. It seems quite probable that Mr. Painter was the 
first to use this combination spray in Florida. 
About 1906 oil emulsion made from lubricating oils became popu- 
lar as an insecticide, gradually supplanting kerosene-oil emulsion and 
caustic potash-fishoil soap. 
Ed. L. Ayres, conducting spraying experiments at Alvin, Tex., in 
February, 1915, for the Texas State Department of Agriculture, used 
a combination of oil emulsion (made according to Yothers (14), cold- 
stirred formula) and Bordeaux mixture with excellent results 
against citrus scab on Satsuma oranges. At a later date he used a 
Bordeaux-oil emulsion paste for painting trees which had been de- 
headed in an attempt to check citrus canker (Pseudomonas citri 
Hasse) . 
Jones (3) obtained a patent for a process of preparing Bordeaux 
mixture with a certain brand of miscible oil. This process calls for 
the use of glue as a stabilizer for the emulsion. 
Macrum (4) gives a method of preparation of Bordeaux-oil emul- 
sion spray and mentions some of the uses to which it can be put. 
Field and laboratory tests with Bordeaux-oil emulsion sprays were 
carried on by the writers in Florida. The preliminary tests, begun 
in the fall of 1916, proved to be entirely satisfactory and were briefly 
summed up and reported upon (10, 12, and 13). 
8 The serial numbers (italic) in parentheses refer to " Literature cited, " at the end of this bulletin. 
