THE EUROPEAN PINE-SHOOT MOTH. 6 
branched shoots and large needle tufts stick out." These authors 
record many severe outbreaks and mention especially one in 1883- 
1885, in the Royal Forest Reserve, Pillnitz in Saxony, where nearly 
75 acres of young pines planted in 1878 became infested to such an 
extent that hardly a shoot was spared, and in 1884 the entire planta- 
tion presented a pitiful, crippled appearance. 
J. E. V. Boas (1898), who has made original investigations of the 
insect in Denmark, considers it one of the most injurious insects 
affecting forest trees. Among other outbreaks he mentions one in 
Jutland, Denmark, extending through several years around 1870, 
which " threatened the total destruction of the pine plantations." 
The Belgian authority on forest insects, G. Severin (1901), regards 
Evctria ouoliana as the most injurious insect to pines in Europe, and 
emphasizes the lasting injury to the timber resulting from even 
slight attacks of this insect. 
All other European handbooks on entomology or on forestry con- 
tain similar accounts of this insect and express the same opinion as 
to its destructiveness to pine. 
FOOD PLANTS. 
Evetria huoliana is confined to pine and does not attack other 
coniferous trees, as spruce or larch, even though these grow along- 
side of the infested pines. While the species is most often men- 
tioned on the yellow pine, or Scotch pine, 1 in Europe, because this is 
preeminently the forest tree of importance there, it attacks all species 
of Pinus indiscriminately, according to Ratzeburg and other authori- 
ties, and the American infestations have come in on European seed- 
lings of the Austrian pine 2 and on mughus pine 3 quite as often as on 
Scotch pine. 
According to Ratzeburg and Severin, it also attacks and is equally 
injurious to American white pine, 4 which is cultivated in Europe; 
and Mr. Carl Heinrich found the species on a small lot of another 
native American pine, 5 which was growing immediately surrounded 
by infested European pine seedlings. 
These latter records are particularly significant, as they prove be- 
yond question that the pest will spread to our native American pines 
if not prevented. 
The species attacks mainly young trees between 6 and 15 years of 
age, but it is often excessively destructive to younger plantings and 
seedlings and injurious also to older trees, though trees of 30 years 
or older are rarely seriously affected. 
1 Pinus sijlvestris. * Pinus strohus. 
2 Pinus laricis var. austtiaca. 5 Pinus resinosa. 
3 Pinus montana var. mughus. 
