FARMING LOGGED-OFF UPLANDS IN WESTERN WASHINGTON 
15 
Hired labor was the next largest item of cash expense. It aver- 
aged 7 per cent of the total expenses on all farms in 1915 and 7. 5 per 
cent in 1921, being lowest on the dairy farms and highest on the 
fruit farms. This item amounted to 3.5 per cent of the total expenses 
on the dairy farms in 1921 and 28.1 per cent on the fruit farms in 
the same year. The berry farms require considerable help through 
the picking season on account of the perishability of the fruit, when 
from 6 to 10 pickers are required per acre for strawberries and black- 
berries; from 5 to 7 per acre for raspberries and Logan blackberries, 
and from 3 to 5 per acre for currants and gooseberries. Usually very 
little difficulty is encountered in getting pickers from the vicinity or 
near-by towns. 
Taxes represent the third largest item of the cash expenses on all 
farms. This expense was greatest on the dairy and mixed farms, 
and amounted to 6.8 per cent of the total expenses on all farms in 
1915 and 6.1 per cent in 1921. 
EARNINGS ON FARMS OF DIFFERENT TYPES. 
The earnings of these farms have been rather low. (See Tables 9 
and 10.) Farm incomes averaged less than $500 in each year, with 
the poultry and fruit farms showing the higher averages. These 
comparatively low earnings are not unusual for the majority of farms 
in the heavily timbered sections throughout the country. A further 
analysis of the farm earnings on these farms is shown in Table 10. 
Table 9. — Earnings of farms of different types. 
1915 1921 
All 
farms. 
Dairy. 
Poul- 
try. 
Fruit. 
Mixed - itaSs. Da *y- 
Poul- 
try. 
Fruit. Mixed. 
83S6 
521 
-135 
0.1 
S428 
S335 
615 
-280 
-0.3 
$384 
S4S9 
398 
91 
1.3 
S.5i !5 
$454 
463 
-9 
1.1 
1524 
S160 S414 1 $228 
S626 S562 
$305 
Interest on farm capital at 
525 
-365 
-1.7 
$255 
6S4 800 
-270 -.572 
-2.0 -3.6 
$580 $383 
316 314 
635 
5 IS 
682 
-9 
0.6 
$844 
339 
44 
4.0 
273 
-377 
Per cent return on capital 
Farm family income 
-2.5 
325 
" 

Note.— Farm income is the difference between farm receipts and farm expenses. 
Labor income is the amount left after 7 per cent interest on the farm capital is deducted from the farm 
income. 
Per cent return on capital is the rate returned on the farm capital after the value of the farmer's labor 
is deducted from Uic farm income. 
Farm family income is the farm income plus the value of unpaid family labor. 
Family living from the farm represents the meat, milk, eggs, fruit, vegetables, etc., ?e1 aside from the 
farm production for family use and the fuel and house rent furnished by t be farm. 
Table 10. — Relation of type of farming to farm income, 1921. 
Number of farms with specified farm incomi 
Type of farming. 
Less than 
$0.i 
§0 to $499. 
$500 to $999 
$1,000 to 
$1, 199. 
$1500 and 
over. 
Dairy 
Poultry 
16 
8 
32 
16 
14 
12 
8 
tl 
9 
4 
1 
2 
2 
1 
>'< 
Fruit 
: 
Mixed 
6 
All farms 
30 
74 
.32 
6 
\ 
Expenses greater than receipts 
