8 
BULLETIN 1236, tf. s. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
a tendency to leave unburned roots close to the surface. One method 
of burning is described in Bulletin 195 of the Oregon State College 
of Agriculture. Prospective purchasers of farms should satisfy them- 
selves that the cleared land is free from all roots to below plow depth. 
Accurate data were obtained on the time and money required to 
remove the stumps from 25 tracts between October 1, 1920, and 
October, 1921. 
The size of these tracts varied from 0.5 to 8 acres, with an average 
of 1.9 acres. All had been slashed, burned, and seeded. Practically 
all the logs and small stumps had been previously removed and the 
land had been pastured several years. 
The stumps were fir, averaged 24 per acre, and ranged from 2 to 7 
feet in diameter where cut. Explosive was used to break the stump 
into pieces that could be handled with a team or horse with blocks 
and line. In some cases a stump puller was used on stumps that 
could not be well handled by the use of blocks and line. 
It required 50 eight-hour days of man labor, 34 days of horse labor, 
205 pounds of explosive costing $36.39 and caps and fuse costing $4.26 
to clear the average acre of stumps and roots, fill the holes, and level 
the land. Most of the work on these clearing operations was done by 
the operator and his family, so the cash cost of clearing seldom ex- 
ceeded $50 to $75 per acre. At $3 per day for man labor, $ 1 per day for 
horse labor, and $4 per acre for use of equipment, the cost of clear- 
ing would have been $228 per acre. The same year the contract price 
for similar clearing operations was from $225 to $250 per acre. 
THE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FARMS IN THE AREA. 
A complete record of the business of 157 farms for 1915 and of 150 
farms for 1921 was obtained from their operators. (See Table 2.) 
Table 2. — Distribution of farm area on 157 farms in 1915 and 150 farms in 1921. 
1915. 
Type of farming. 
Average acres per 
farm. 
Number 
Average acres in crops. 
of farms. 
Total. 
Cleared. 
Total. 
Hay. 
Potatoes. Fruit. 
Other 
crops. 
79 47.1 
55 17.1 
12 16 
17.2 
7.2 
L0. 5 
11.2 
lt.l 
5.5 
9.7 
9.9 
L1.8 
2.9 
2. 1 
4.4 
(I.:, 
.3 
. l 
.8 
0.9 
1.7 
7.0 
l.D 
9 
Poultrv 
.6 
Fruit . 
2 
Mixed 
All farms 
11 21.4 
'7 
157 32.6 
12.8 
10. 5 
7.:» 
.4 
1.9 
. 7 
1 >airy . 
Poultrj 
I'niii . . 
Mixed. 
All farms 
57 
43.7 
L9.7 
15. 7 
13.1 
0.4 
1.0 
43 
L3.5 
8. 6 
.">. 7 
2.3 
.4 
2.0 
27 
If, 7 
'.1 3 
v 1 
2.0 
.4 
.-..3 
23 
34.0 
13.0 
11. 1 
7. 1 
1.0 
1.3 
1.50 
'J--. 7 
13.6 
10.8 
7. 1 
.:, 
2. 1 
1.2 
1.0 
.4 
1.4 
The average size of the L57 farms in P.M.') was 32.6 acres, with 
L 2. 8 acres cleared; of the 150 farms in L923 it. was 28.7 acres with 
L 3. 6 acres cleared. Compared with other farms in logged-oflE land 
sections t hroughoul t he United States, t hese farms are small. Among 
