2 BULLETIN 1236, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
was revisited in 1921. While the conclusions drawn are strictly 
applicable to this area only, yet the general truths developed will 
apply almost as well to other heavily timbered areas in western Wash- 
ington, Oregon, and British Columbia. 
SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 
In most cases the selling price of raw logged-ofT uplands plus the 
cost of the clearing exceeds the value of the land after it is cleared 
for crops. 
-It requires about 50 days of 8 hours of man labor, 34 days horse 
labor, 205 pounds of explosive costing $."16.39 in 1921, and caps and 
fuse costing $4.26 to clear the average acre of stumps and roots, fill 
the holes, and level the land. 
The proportion of settlers who had accumulated wealth to the 
extent of more than $6,000 between the time of settlement and 1921 
is as follows: 86 per cent of those who settled before 1898; 78 per 
cent of those who settled between 1S9S and 1903; 61 percent of the 
1904 to 1909 settlers; 26 per cent of the 1910 to 1915 groups; and 5 
per cent of those who settled during the six years previous to 1921. 
Financial progress of the farmers has been determined largely by 
the quality of the land they occupy, its increase in value, the economy 
with which they have brought raw land to production, the persist- 
ency and intelligence which they have used in the operation of their 
farms, and their ability to adjust their standard of living to their 
incomes. 
Poultry was the most important enterprise on the farms visited in 
1921. On the average, 45 per cent of the total receipts came from 
poultry and eggs. 26 per cent from dairy products, and 15 per cent 
from fruit. 
Feed was the largest item of cash expense in 1921, averaging 70 
per cent of all expenses on the poultry farms, 47 per cent on the 
general farms, 39 per cent on the dairy farms, 21 per cent on the 
fruit farms, and 53 per cent for all the farms visited. 
Poultry and small-fruit growing seem to be the most profitable 
types of farming for new settlers on the higher-priced uplands adja- 
cent to the larger cities. In 1921, 48 per cent of the fruit, 44 per 
cent of the poultry, 22 per cent of the mixed, and 16 per cent of the 
dairy farms had farm incomes of $500 or over. 
The average farm income, that is, the difference between receipts 
and expenses for all farms in 1921, was S414. In addition, the fam- 
ily had the use of food, shelter, and fuel furnished by the farm, 
amounting to $316. In obtaining the farm incomes, unpaid family 
labor amounting to an average of $166 was included in the expenses. 
Many of the farmers in this region can increase their farm profits 
by increasing the size and quality of the farm business by keeping 
some accounts and studying the expenses and returns from their 
different enterprises, paying more attention to soil management and 
standardizing their farm products. 
AREA STUDIED. 
The territory surveyed was confined to the uplands of King ami 
Pierce Counties. The topography ranges from nearly level to rolling, 
with steeper slopes descending into the larger valleys and becoming 
more rough and broken near the foot hills. The soils are of glacial 
origin and mostly belong to the Everett gravelly sandy loam and 
