INSECT POWDER 15 
Chrysanthemum segetum, Matricaria parthenium. In 1875 Miller 
(196) reported that old-stock German or Roman chamomile flowers 
were ground with insect powder. : 
Lead chromate as an adulterant appears to be first mentioned by 
Grote (108) in 1880. In the same year, Kral (164) reported finding 
a number of samples colored with curcuma. Howie (1/39) and 
Conroy (50), in 1883, detected fustic as an added coloring matter 
in insect powder. Schwarz (250), in 1888, found a sample colored 
with an alcoholic solution of curcuma. 
Mason, in discussing a paper by Kirkby (156), mentions having 
had a sample of “Dalmatian insect powder’ which contained 60 
per cent of sumac and 30 per cent of chamomile. Howie, in the same 
article, reports a large proportion of potato starch in a cheap powder. 
Unger (282, 283, 284), 1888-1890, found the following adulterants 
in insect powder: Pyrethrum stems, barium chromate, lead chro- 
mate, curcuma, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Hungariar 
daisy). Schrenk (249), in 1889, also mentioned the Hungariar 
daisy, sometimes known as the Russian daisy, as an adulterant 
He stated that starch is a very common adulterant. Beringer (29) 
in 1889, reported that insect powder brought into America wa 
extensively adulterated with the Hungarian daisy, and that th 
eround stems and leaves of the Pyrethrum plant were also used ¢ 
adulterants. Hart (119), in 1888, reported yellow ocher and whe: 
starch as adulterants. 
In the same year, Marpmann (190) reported the use of the pov 
dered root of Veratrum album as an adulterant of insect powder. 
Thompson (273), in 1891, examined seven samples of insect powde 
put out by American manufacturers, two of which were adulteratec 
with lead chromate. Verneau (285), in 1892, listed the adulterants 
of insect powder as follows: Croton flavens, Anthemis cotula, Chrys- 
anthemum segetum, Matricaria parthenium, Tanacetum vulgare, 
Chamomile romaine, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, and wheat 
starch. Jelliffe (148), in 1895, spoke of the extensive adulteration 
by means of the stems of the Pyrethrum plant, and proposed methods 
for the detection of stem tissue in a powder. Caesar and Loretz 
(42) report that m their examination of commercial insect powders 
they have noted the following adulterants: Quillaja, euphorbium, 
powdered whole chrysanthemum plant, quassia, powdered aloes, 
senna leaves, Hungarian daisy, saffron, and lead chromate. 
In 1899, Huber (142) found two out of five brands of insect powder 
examined to be adulterated with ground oxeye daisy flowers. 
Tschirch and Oesterle (281) give C. coronarium and Inula pulicaria 
in addition to many of the flowers previously mentioned as being 
used as adulterants. Collin (47) identified a sample of “false” in- 
sect flowers as Chrysanthemum pallens. 
Hockauf (134), in 1903, listed the following adulterants of insect 
powder: Flowers of different species of Chrysanthemum (Chrysan- 
themum leucanthemum, C. corymbosum, C. inodorum, C. indicum) ; 
different species of Anthemis (Anthemis arvensis, A. tinctoria, A. 
cotula); and Helichrysum italicum. In the same year Jean (147) 
stated that he had found potasstum chromate and sawdust in ~om- 
mercial insect powder, and Haywood (122) gave the resuv!’ 
examination of 105 samples, 19 of which were color — 
chromate in amounts ranging from 0.12 to 1.47 per c 
