16 BULLETIN 824, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Hanausek and Winton (118) give the following as adulterants: 
Heads of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Helichrysum arenarium, 
DC. (Flores Stechadis citrine, yellow cat’s paw, hour-glass weed, 
yellow-moth weed), and the stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum 
cineraniefolium. HH. Wippell Gadd and Sydney C. Gadd (90), in 
1905, mentioned turmeric and chrome alum as adulterants, and gave 
metirods for their detection. Three years later Grieb (107) found 
a sample adulterated with borax. 
In 1912 Linke (173) mentioned the following: Pyrethrum stems, 
flowers of other species of Chrysanthemum, calendula flowers, 
curcuma, lead chromate, barium chromate, euphorbium, and guillaja 
bark. He stated that the last two are added to increase the aroma 
of a powder. In the same year Sattler (238) reported lead chro- 
mate as an adulterant. 
Juttner (150), who visited the insect-powder-producing regions 
of Dalmatia and Montenegro in 1912, calls attention to the extensive 
grinding of Pyrethrum stems in those countries. In order to make 
this stem powder correspond in color to the genuine insect powder, 
lead chromate is used, and, to increase the odor, from 1 to 2 per cent 
of pepper powder is sometimes added. 
Siedler (150) mentions another substance used to color insect 
powder, namely, yellow wood, or the heartwood of Chlorophora 
‘unctoria. He mentions also Pyrethrum indicum, Bellis perennis, 
Tanacetum vulgare, chamomile, quassia powder, pepper, powdered 
aloes, euphorbivm powder, senna leaves, and flowers of “ Margherita 
silvatica”’ as adulterants. The last name is unknown in botanical 
nomenclature, and Siedler considers it to be a fantastic designation 
for an unknown adulterant. Marguerite, however, is a common 
name for Chrysanthemum frutescens, which may be the flower 
meant. In a later article Siedler (257) stated that, compared to 
adulteration with stem powder, adulteration with foreign flowers is 
insignificant. 
Slaus-Kantschieder (261), in 19138, stated that in Dalmatia the 
most usual form of adulteration of insect powder consists in grinding 
with the flowers a part of the flower stems called ‘‘stecco.” Lead 
chromate, barium chromate, powdered bricks, starch, curcuma, and 
poneered almond shells are also mentioned by him as adulterants. 
enjamin F. Chase, United States consul at Fiume, under date of 
December 15, 1915, reported that in Dalmatia it is customary to add 
5 per cent of borax to the inferior grades of insect powder. 
In addition to the powdered stems of the Pyrethrum plant, which 
have been the most extensive means of adulteration, other adulterants 
detected in the Insecticide and Fungicide Laboratory during the past 
11 years have been lead chromate, potassium chromate, barium 
chromate, curcuma, sand, leaves of the Pyrethrum plant, and oxeye 
daisy flowers (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). 
Roark and Keenan (S26) have made a special study of the adultera- 
tion of insect powder with powdered oxeye daisy flowers, and have 
clescribed means for its detection. 
S, stances that have been used to color or adulterate insect 
“ay be classified as follows: 
‘. Lead chromate, barium chromate, potassium chromate, cur- 
the root of Curcuma longa L.), tustic (wood of Chlorophora 
on (dried stigmas and tops of the styles of Crocus sativus L.), 
