28 BULLETIN 824, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
TABLE 8.—Chemical analysis of insect fiowers grown, near Berlin 
Determination 
Sam- 
ple Product Mois- Ash on Remarks 
No. ture water- 
(loss at free 
100°) | basis 
| ' 
Per cent | Per cent 
| SRlowers Of ECarneuite 22 oe, 8.3 | 8.18 | Much iron present, but ro manganese. 
2 | Flowers of P. cawcasicwm____________ 5. 67 | 7.92 | Iron (9.19 per cent) present. 
3 lerlowersiol 2. conneum 22 eee 4. 88 | 10. 21 
_ Unger (282) reports the analyses given in Table 9 for adulterated 
insect powders. 
TaBLEe 9.—Chemical analysis of adulterated insect powders (Unger) 
Sample Product Ash Remarks 
Per cent 
1! Insect powder_-___-____- 6.61 | Stems present; almost no pollen grains. 
is it (GCE RR ae eg ee 9. Curcuma and stems present; pollen grains few. 
Sees COs es We eee a3 Curcuma present; no manganese. 
Zh eee GO keer eee ares 7.93 | Barium chromate and many stems present; no pollen grains. 
EN se oe GO Bese IE EL aan 8.33 | Lead chromate and many stems present; few pollen grains. 
62 )ee4s= Oso eee 7.39 | Very little manganese; curcuma present. 
In another place (282, p. 167) Unger has recorded the results shown 
in Table 10. ‘ 
TaBLe 10.—Chemical analysis of insect powders and flowers from Daimaiia (Unger): 
Determination | 
Sam- | 
ple Product Ash on Remarks 
No. = water- 
| Moisture rooa 
basis 
Per cent | Per cent 
‘(Insect pow derzs=2 ee eee 8. 56 8.33 | No manganese; barium chromate and stems 
present. 
PA Ty Ou eens eee: ere eae Fee ate aaa a epee de Do. 
Bie ees CQO SR fae Se ee pegee eos 7.3 | No manganese; much iron. 
4 | Flowers from Spalato______- 8. 44 6.74 | Strong in manganese. 
! 
From the fact that he found no manganese in Pyrethrum stems, 
while it was always present in the flowers, Unger proposed to deter- 
mine whether a powder was strongly adulterated with stems by testing 
for manganese. ‘Thoms (274), in 1890, however, found manganese in» 
the ash of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum and Pyrethrum andicum, and 
Siedler (258) showed that Pyrethrum stems are not entirely manga- 
nese-free. Appreciable quantities of manganese in Pyrethrum stems 
from Japan have been found by the writers. Unger’s test is of no 
value. 
‘ Manganese was determined in the various grades of insect flowers and stems of both Dalmatian and 
Japanese origin, the following average amounts being found: Japanese sterns, 0.0123 per cent; Dalmatian 
stems, 0.0077 per cent; Japanese closed flowers, 0.0155 per cent; Dalmatian closed flowers, 0.0096 per cent; 
Dalmatian open flowers, 0.0076 per cent. The manganese content of both stems and flowers varies so 
greatly and differs so little in the two parts of the plant that any method for estimating the amount of 
powdered stems in an insect powder from a determination of its manganese content is valueless. 
