INSECT POWDER 35 
TABLE 19.—Ether extract determination on insect powders 
Ether 
Year Labeled as Ort ate 
Per cent 
OGG eapee i oe) a CA OSCOMIOW ChSe eo ee Seni! vile. wee eh ER a Ue or hn WS xe 8 to9 
TU Roo See ee ela PO DENENOW CL Start iec on eo eee: cn ene ae Ma uN 0 ee ee 5 to6 
2 eens oe Deir SUES Sr ee CE a 2 Ge Be Te ee SE ERS EOE opm at sae EO hoa 
iM hoe See eee oe GHOSE CLO WOES eg ei ee tee ee Sts 218 ee gd eS 8.5 to 8.8 
PO (Pee tere ODCAIOWCYSae se eee eee ren ne Re ee et POS ee 5.8 to 6. 2 
Li) oe = oe RS eee ROwaerdrom: ClOSad TOWCrS enn ee eS See 6.9 
TE U2 caer ee ear oe nage anal Merete Geet ee hee ee ee ee ree ee eee ee ar Le ee 6.6 
Toes ie Sea ee iIPewderiranivhal-opent towers. ee eee ee ee oe ES 5.9 
NOOO Sees iwerere o FEN e Bayi Crt ron ODEN HOW CES 62 ae ae ee eee ea ey Pel ee 5. 2 
One sample examined in 1909 gave only 4.3 per cent of an extract 
heavily contaminated with chlorophyll. Microscopical examination 
of the powder showed the presence of tissue derived from the stalk 
of the plant. Eight American commercial insect powders examined 
in 1910 contained from 3 to 4.8 per cent ether-soluble matter, the 
green color of the extracts indicating admixture of open flowers. 
and stem tissues. A few foreign-ground powders examined in 1906 
yielded from 2 to 3 per cent ether extract. The powders reported 
in Table 19, examined in 1906 and 1907, were of their own grinding. 
Southall Brothers and Barclay in 1910 (268) reported finding from 
7.57 to 8.28 per cent ether extract in authentic samples of insect 
powder when determined according to Durrant’s method. Japanese 
flowers, mostly open, gave 13.98 per cent ‘‘resin”’ of an orange- 
brown color. In 1912 (269) they found 3.81 per cent of a deep- 
green extract in a specimen of insect powder said to be ground from 
stalks. Leubner (172), in 1910, found 5.59 per cent of a dirty-green 
extract in a sample of insect powder. He macerated the sample 
with an excess of ether for 3 hours, and dried the extract at 100°. 
Cesar and Loretz (43), in 1911, gave their method for the determi- 
nation of ether extract insect powder as follows: Seven grams of the 
air-dried powder are treated in a 150 cc. flask with 70 grams of ether, 
macerated 2 hours, the mixture being frequently shaken by hand, 
then filtered through a 9 cm. filter; 50.5 grams (=5 grams of powder 
air-dried) of the filtrate are then evaporated in a 9 to 10 ce. porcelain 
dish over hot water, being careful not to set the dish on the ring of 
a Steam bath, as the solution in that case will creep over the edge. 
The evaporation is carried to dryness, and the residue brought to con- 
stant weight in a desiccator. The extract should have a golden- 
yellow color and a characteristic, powerful odor, which should not 
resemble that of chamomile. This method is somewhat different 
from that given by them in 1898 (42), a slight modification of Dur- 
rant’s test in which the extraction of the sample with ether was 
continued as long as the solvent took up anything, instead of ex- 
hausting with a specified quantity of ether. This method differs 
from that published by Fromme in 1900 only in the time of macera- 
tion, being two hours instead of one. 
Cxsar and Loretz (42) found that insect powder made from closed 
flowers yielded from 8 to 9.5 per cent of extract, while open or pany 
open flowers gave 6.5 to 7.5 per cent. They state that the color of 
the extractions varies from pure yellow, dark yellow, and brownish 
yellow to greenish yellow, whereas that prepared from stems is of a 
