CITRUS MELANOSE AND ITS CONTROL 61 
tions. Severe pruning or deheading such as is practiced after dam- 
aging freezes usually gives a good control of the disease provided 
the pruning is done before the May rains set in. 
Fungicides applied as dusts, such as sulphur preparations, Bor- 
deaux dust, and copper-lime dusts, as a rule have not given satisfac- 
tory control of melanose. It seems that no reasonable number of 
applications of the present-day dusts will insure a crop of fruit com- 
mercially free of melanose. 
Sulphur sprays and the weaker copper sprays have failed repeat- 
edly to control melanose. 
A single application of the standard 3-3-50 Bordeaux mixture 
plus 1 per cent oil as emulsion, if properly timed, gives excellent con- 
trol of the disease even under adverse conditions. Ordinarily the 
most opportune time for this application is just in advance of the 
May rains, which seldom set in before the 5th of the month. If the 
spraying is delayed until after these rains have continued for some 
time, melanose prevention is not obtained. Sprays applied even be- 
fore the blossoms open may reduce the chances for fruit ' infection 
somewhat ; those applied early in April give better protection to the 
fruit ; and those applied in late April or early May, before the rains 
set in, insure a still better protection. 
Whenever applications of Bordeaux-oil emulsion are made in the 
spring they should by all means be followed in late June or early 
July by a thorough application of oil emulsion of high efficiency to 
prevent excessive increases in scale insects. If this necessary oil 
spray is omitted the fruit is likely to be ruined and the tree seriously 
damaged by these insects. 
LITERATURE CITED 
(1) Burger, O. F. 
1920. DECAY IN CITRUS FRUITS DURING TRANSPORTATION. Calif. Dept. Agr., 
Mo. Bui. 9: 365-370. 
(2) DeBusk, E. F., and Briggs, W. R. 
1923. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON CONTROLLING MELANOSE AND PREPARING BOR- 
DEAUX-OIL. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 167: 123-140, illus. 
(3) Cobb, N. A. 
1897. diseases of the orange. i. melanoses?) Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 
8: 225-228, illus. 
(4) Dozier, H. L. 
1924. insect pests and diseases of the satsuma orange Gulf Coast 
Citrus Exch. Ed. Bui. 1, 101 pp., illus. 
(5) Fawcett, H. S. 
1911. stem-end rot of citrus fruits. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 107, 23 
pp., illus. 
(6) 
1912. THE CAUSE OF STEM-END ROT OF CITRUS FRUITS (PHOMOPSIS CITRI 
n. sp). Phytopathology 2: 109-113, illus. 
(7) 
1917. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CITRUS DISEASES, MELANOSE 
and stem-end rot. Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. 3: 190-193. 
(8) 
1921. the temperature relations of growth in certain parasitic fungi. 
Calif. Univ. Pubs., Agr. Sci. 4: 183-232, illus. 
(9) 
1922. a new phomopsis of citrus in California. Phytopathology 12 : 
419-424, illus. 
