38 BULLETIN 272, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
82 of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agri- 
culture, entitled ‘‘Pinhole Injury to Girdled Cypress in the South 
Atlantic and Gulf States;” also Circular 128 of the same bureau, ! 
entitled, ‘‘Insect Injuries to Forest Products.”’ 
WIND. 
Wind causes shake in the wood, and breaks down living trees when 
badly weakened by decay. The majority of treés, especially the 
veterans, reach their death through the combined agencies of the 
pecky fungus, causing hollow hearts, and wind pressure. Strong 
inshore gales combined with periodic high seas produce storm tides 
which invade and submerge large areas not usually reached by salt 
water. Unable to withstand exposure of this sort, the cypress in low. 
seacoast swamps is sometimes badly injured both by the saline 
matter in solution and the mechanical force of high waves. Probably 
this in great measure accounts for the large amount of defective 
cypress sometimes seen along the coast, particularly on low advancing 
river estuaries and deltas. The renee of protecting barrier sand 
reefs, the opening of tidal inlets, and other local changes in shore lines 
sometimes cause a permanent invasion by the sea which injures or 
kills the standing forest. 
EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE. 
The effect of permanent submergence upon the subsequent growth 
of cypress depends chiefly upon the rate at which it takes place and 
the amount of deposition which results. The tree is apparently not 
injured by deep submergence for periods of a few weeks only. In- 
stances of rapid inundation by the sudden subsidence of land areas - 
are rather frequent over the comparatively recent land formations 
where cypress finds its home. Shaler? cites a conspicuous instance 
in the Mississippi basin of western Tennessee in which extensive tracts 
of cypress land were flooded by subsidence accompanying the earth- 
quake of 1811. Wherever the sinking brought the water permanently 
to a considerable depth above the former level the trees died. About 
1870 he observed that Reelfoot and other lakes were covered by the 
stately columns of the trees thus killed during the lapse of over two- 
thirds of a century. Near the outer margins the trees survived. In 
artificial flooding, where the permanent water level is brought above 
the knees, the trees have been reported by some observers to be 
injured or killed. 
1 The supply of Circular 82 is exhausted; Circular 128 is listed as available from the Superintendent of 
Documents, Washington, D. C., price, 5 cents. Both are on file in all larger public libraries. 
2 Memoirs of Museum of Compacts e Zoology, Harvard College, Vol. XVI, pp. 1-11. 
