RANGE WATERING PLACES IN THE SOUTHWEST 11 
for overflow water should be provided above the pipe outlet. Suit- 
able provision should be made in the location or type of curbing to 
avoid damage from flood waters. 
In some cases it is advisable to tunnel or dig an open cut back 
into a hillside, and even extend a crosscut, to collect the required 
quantity of water. This method serves to collect the flow which 
might otherwise be lost through seepage. Deserted mine or pros- 
pect tunnels frequently contain water in quantity valuable for 
stock. Often all that is necessary is to clean out the muck from the 
floor and build a dam a foot or so high to form a reservoir and back 
up the water over the end of the outlet pipe. 
Springs should be protected by a substantial fence. (PI. IV.) 
The drinking trough should be outside the fenced inclosure where 
animals have ready access to it from as many directions as the lay 
of the country permits, and in a well-drained, preferably sandy or 
gravelly place to avoid mud holes. 
Many springs which can not be made to yield sufficiently to supply 
troughs direct, or those of larger but intermittent flows, may only 
require a storage reservoir to be turned into useful watering places. 
Springs have been developed in a substantial manner at a cost of 
from $50 to $100 each. Data (5) on 3855 developed springs on the 
national forests of Arizona and New Mexico show an average cost 
of $1389, with extremes from $15 to $1,500. 
PIPE LINES 
A pipe line may be a few lengths between a dug-out spring and 
near-by troughs, although some are several miles in length. Most 
pipe lines for livestock watering purposes are fed by springs or tun- 
nels. Occasionally, however, water is pumped from wells into 
storage tanks from which pipe lines lead out over otherwise poorly 
watered range. On the Jornada Range Reserve in southern New 
Mexico the water from three developed springs is piped 9 miles 
across a portion of range formerly unwatered, and practically 
unused. Small tanks or troughs are installed at intervals of 2 
miles. This line was constructed in 1917 at a cost of $710 a mile 
and is considered a good investment. On the Santa Rita Range 
Reserve, south of Tucson, Ariz., another line 314 miles long was 
completed in 1922 at an average cost of $608 a mile, exclusive of 
storage tanks and troughs. Including a 20,000-gallon galvanized 
storage tank and three galvanized watering troughs, the cost aver- 
aged $709 a mile. Costs vary greatly with the size of pipe used and 
the expense of material and labor. 
With pipe of small diameter, especially where the grade, or fall, 
is shght, friction may seriously retard flow. Such pipe is also 
more readily clogged or choked. It is not advisable, therefore, to 
use pipe of smaller diameter than 1 inch, even for a few yards, 
and for longer lines, at least 114 or 2-inch pipe should be used.* 
A screen of about 14-inch mesh, preferably of brass, copper, or 
galvanized iron, should be provided for the upper end of the pipe 
where it leaves the intake reservoir. Where intake boxes are sunk 
°'The discharge of %-inch to 4-inch water pipes of various lengths and falls can readily 
be determined trom Farmers’ Bulletin 1426, “ Farm Plumbing,’ mailed free on request by 
the United States Department of Agriculture. 
