36 BULLETIN 550, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Chautauqua system. — This is the system used most frequently in the 
Erie-Chautauqua grape belt. The stem reaches only to the lowest 
wire from which permanent arms to suppport the canes are carried 
right and left along the lower wire. The canes, usually about 4, are 
carried upward and tied to the upper wire or wires. 
High-renewal system. — The head of the vine reaches only the lowest 
wire of the trellis, and the canes are tied right and left along this 
wire. The fruiting shoots growing from these canes are trained 
upright and fastened to the wires overhead. 
Four-cane Knrffin system. — The stem is carried directly to the top 
wire of a two-wire trellis. Two canes about the level of each wire 
are tied right and left along each wire. 
Umbrella system. — This system differs chiefly from the Knifhn in 
that two canes are left instead of four. They are started at the upper 
wire and the extremities are tied down to the lower wire. 
Four-cane Munson system. — This system differs from the others 
mentioned in that it requires an overhead trellis. Across the top of 
each post a crossbar 20 inches long is fastened and outer wires are 
fastened at the ends of these crossbars, while an inner wire is fas- 
tened to the post about 6 inches lower down. A single stem is carried 
to the inner wire and four canes are left, one carried in each direction 
along each wire. 
Two regular first-brood applications with "trailers" were made. 
Vines trained according to any of these systems could be sprayed 
thoroughly and the difference in final counts is not significant, but 
the ease with which the applications were made is of considerable 
importance. 
The Kniffin and Munson systems were much the easier to spray. 
The time required was about 15 per cent less than that required for 
the Chautauqua system. These systems had the advantage of having 
no upright shoots or canes to interfere with a free action of the spray 
rod. The fruit, although well protected by leaves above at the time 
of spraying, was well exposed below. The bunches hung, in the 
Knifhn system in two layers, one below each wire, and in the Munson 
system just below the trellis, and consequently were easy to find. 
The Munson system had the disadvantage of producing a dense 
shade, and consequently favoring grape-berry moth infestation. 
In contrast to this, the Chautauqua system presented the disad- 
vantage of upright canes, which interfered with free action of the 
spray rod and with fruit arising from .anywhere up and down these 
canes. The clusters were well protected by leaves and often isolated, 
and greater care was necessary in finding them and covering them 
with spray. 
