APPLE BY-PRODUCTS AS STOCK FOODS. 33 
COMPARATIVE COST OF FEEDING APPLE BY-PRODUCTS. 
The selling price of dried beet pulp in March, 1922, averaged $30 
a ton in carload lots. In the feeding experiments here reported 
dried apple pomace and dried pectin pulp were also compared with 
corn silage. From 3.4 to 3.3 pounds of silage was fed per pound 
of dried pomace or pulp. Hence, if the selling price of dried pomace 
or pulp were $25 per ton, the cost per ton of silage would need to 
be from $7.35 to $7.58, in order that the costs of the two rations 
would be equal. 
According to the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, the cost of 
producing a ton of silage from the 1921 corn crop varied between 
$5,32 and $6.77 for Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Nebraska. 
Therefore in the experiments herein reported the silage ration would 
have been the cheapest if the dried apple products cost $25 per ton. 
SUMMARY. 
In spite of the excellent work done by the State experiment sta- 
tions and many individual investigators in establishing the value 
of sound apple pomace and apple-pomace silage as cattle food and 
showing the extravagance of allowing such material to be wasted, 
thousands of tons of apple pomace are still lost because of indiffer- 
ence on the part of stock raisers or the lack of facilities for pre- 
serving it. 
Only a small part of the 150,000 tons of moist apple pomace an- 
nually produced by commercial cider and vinegar makers in the 
United States can be profitably used in the fresh condition. It may 
be ensiled, when it yields a succulent cattle food comparable with 
corn silage, of special value in the winter feeding of stock. The 
quantity that can be utilized in this way, however, is limited because 
of the relatively high cost of transportation for material having 
such a high water content. 
The profitable utilization of apple pomace, therefore, depends 
upon its preservation by dehydration. The necessity for producing 
new and cheap feeding stuffs and the advance made in improving 
large-capacity drying apparatus make dried apple pomace worthy 
of consideration as a promising commercial food for stock. 
Experiments in France during the World War showed that a 
mixture of 70 per cent of dried pomace and 30 per cent of molasses, 
by weight, could be substituted advantageously for a part of the 
oats and bran in the rations of the army horse. The Department of 
Agriculture has shown that dried apple pomace is a semiconcentrated 
feeding stuff, of medium protein and ether-extract content, capable 
of absorbing relatively large quantities of water or molasses. Some 
of the ether extract represents wax-like substances dissolved from the 
skins, and these can not be considered digestible fats. 
A study of the specific acidity of dried apple pomace indicated 
that if the effect is principally due to the presence of malic acid, its 
ionization has been decidedly depressed. 
Apple seeds separated from the dried pomace contain a cyanophoric 
compound, reported as amygdalin, which yields hydrocyanic acid 
