COOPERATIVE CITRUS-FRUIT MARKETING AGENCIES. 
19 
of the fruit. Direct labor does not include the salaries of the man- 
ager, foremen, janitor, or night watchmen, or office salaries. These 
are included in general and administrative salaries. 
The expense of direct labor is much greater for lemons than for 
oranges, because of the necessity of storing and because the fruit 
AVERAGE SHIPMENTS 
BOXES 
THOUSANDS 
200 
20 1921 5YR.AV 5YR.AV.I9I7 1918 1919 1920 1921 
INDIRECT EXPENSE 
CENTS 
1917 1918 1919 1920 19215YR.AV. 5YR.AV. 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 
DIRECT LABOR 
CENTS 
1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 5YR.AV. 
5YR.AV. 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 
PACKING MATERIAL 
CENTS 
PER BOX 
1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 5YR.AV. 
5YR.AV. 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 
Fig. 5. — Average annual shipments and packing-house expense (in cents per packed box) of a selected 
group of orange and lemon associations for the 5-year period 1917-1921 
can not be handled to any extent by machinery. Direct labor 
constitutes 40 per cent of lemon packing-house expense and only 23 
per cent of orange packing-house expense. The greater amount of 
labor required to prepare lemons for market is even more strikingly 
indicated if the costs per packed box of oranges and lemons are 
compared — 36 cents per box for lemons and 12| cents for oranges. 
