COOPERATIVE CITRUS-FRUIT MARKETING AGENCIES. 
15 
conditions, varieties grown, and the harvesting season also have 
considerable influence on the final returns to the growers, and any 
comparison of net returns must take into consideration the effect of 
these and other factors. 
Packing costs are only a partial index of the efficiency of the man- 
agement. In some instances a low cost, particularly a low labor 
cost, may be secured at the expense of careful handling, grading, or 
packing, operations which directly affect the value of the fruit and 
the net returns of the producers. However, it is probably more often 
true that the same care and watchfulness on the part of the manage- 
ment which keep packing expense at a minimum also promote the 
effective performance of the various packing-house operations. This 
study indicates that in many instances economies in packing-house 
expense (Tables 3 and 4) could be secured without impairing operating 
efficiency. 
Table 3. — Detailed statement of orange packing-house expense per box, by 
associations. 
Direct expense. 
Indirect expense. 
Total 
Boxes 
packed. 
Ad- 
pack- 
Association. 1 
Labor. 
Pack- 
ing, 
mate- 
Total. 
min- 
istra- 
tive 
Mis- 
cella- 
De- 
pre- 
cia- 
Inter- 
est. 
Total. 
ing 
house 
ex- 
rials. 
sal- 
aries. 
neous. 
tion. 
pense. 
Association No. 1 : 
Number. 
Cents. 
Cents. 
Cents. 
Cents. 
Cents. 
Cents. 
Cents. 
Cents. 
Cents. 
1921 
449, 218 
17.0 
49.7 
66.7 
2.6 
2.0 
0.7 
1.0 
6.2 
72.9 
Association No. 2: 
1918 _-._. 
167, 812 
362, 258 
13.8 
13.5 
24.1 
28.1 
37.9 
41.6 
5.0 
3.2 
4.0 
2.7 
2.7 
1.2 
3.6 
1.7 
15.3 
- 8.8 
53.2 
1919 
50.4 
1920 
349, 979 
14.8 
37.7 
52.5 
3.1 
3.7 
1.3 
1.7 
9.8 
62.2 
1921 
427, 610 
13.6 
50.9 
64.5 
3.0 
2.8 
1.1 
1.4 
8.2 
72.7 
Association No. 3: 
1919 
337, 846 
13.7 
24.5 
38.1 
2.6 
4.3 
1.2 
1.8 
9.8 
47.9 
1920 
230, 110 
418, 216 
14.3 
14.0 
31.4 
46.0 
45.7 
60.0 
4.3 
4.3 
5.6 
5.1 
1.7 
1.0 
2.6 
1.4 
14.2 
11.7 
59.9 
1921 
71.7 
Association No. 4: 
1916 
302, 419 
7.4 
18.6 
26.0 
1.9 
1.5 
2.8 
3.6 
9.8 
35.8 
1917... 
456, 470 
156, 839 
381, 111 
7.8 
9.0 
10.2 
19.1 
18.5 
27.0 
26.8 
27.5 
37.3 
1.5 
2.2 
1.7 
.8 
1.2 
1.2 
1.9 
5.4 
2.2 
2.4 
7.0 
2.9 
6.6 
15.9 
8.0 
33.4 
1918... 
43.3 
1919 
45.3 
1920 
404, 938 
12.9 
32.1 
45.0 
2.2 
1.8 
2.1 
2.7 
8.8 
53.8 
1921 
414, 630 
12.8 
46.2 
59.1 
3.0 
2.5 
2.1 
2.6 
10.2 
69.3 
Association No. 5: 
1920 
237, 515 
16.3 
34.0 
50.3 
3.7 
3.4 
2.4 
3.4 
13.0 
63.3 
1921 
379, 632 
17.3 
49.8 
67.1 
3.1 
3.4 
1.5 
2.1 
10.2 
77.3 
Association No. 6: 
1916 
214, 557 
363, 474 
128, 622 
293, 158 
9.2 
9.9 
12.3 
11.8 
18.3 
18.9 
19.7 
27.4 
27.5 
28.8 
32.0 
39.2 
2.8 
1.9 
4.8 
2.7 
1.6 
1.9 
4.5 
1.7 
1.7 
1.0 
2.9 
1.3 
2.2 
1.3 
3.7 
1.6 
8.4 
6.0 
16.0 
7.2 
35.9 
1917. 
34.9 
1918 
47.9 
1919 
46.4 
1920 
264, 729 
314, 925 
14.5 
15.5 
33.3 
46.7 
47.8 
62.2 
3.3 
2.7 
2.7 
2.4 
1.4 
1.2 
1.8 
1.5 
9.2 
7.7 
57.0 
1921 
70.0 
Association No. 7: 
1920 
124, 518 
17.0 
35.5 
52.4 
6.0 
6.8 
2.4 
3.5 
18.7 
71.2 
1921 
215,968 
17.9 
43.6 
61.4 
4.5 
5.1 
1.5 
2.1 
13.1 
74.5 
Association No. 8: 
1917 
257, 211 
8.0 
18.7 
26.8 
2.5 
1.0 
.6 
1.2 
5.3 
32.0 
1918 
105, 601 
5.9 
19.1 
25.1 
4.5 
2.1 
1.1 
2.3 
10.0 
35.1 
1919 
176, 782 
9.1 
24.7 
33.8 
3.5 
1.9 
.6 
1.3 
7.3 
41.1 
1920 
233, 182 
11.5 
30. 1 
41.5 
3.6 
2.8 
.5 
1.1 
7.9 
49.5 
1921 
296, 761 
12.4 
45.3 
57.7 
3.1 
2.2 
.4 
.7 
6.5 
64.1 
Association No. 9: 
1920 
196, 049 
13.9 
33.2 
47.0 
3.6 
4.5 
3.1 
4.0 
15.3 
62.3 
1921 
287, 784 
13.6 
49.1 
62.7 
3.0 
3.4 
2.1 
2.7 
11.2 
73.9 
Association No. 10: 
1916 
140, 213 
251, 926 
132, 966 
257, 127 
202, 600 
276, 078 
9.5 
9.6 
10.9 
12.0 
13.2 
16.9 | 
20.6 
20.2 
20.9 
26.9 
34.4 
49.7 
30.1 
29.8 
31.8 
38.9 
47.5 
66.6 
3.0 
1.8 
3.4 
2.2 
2.4 
3.0 
1.7 
1.4 
1.9 
2.0 
2.6 
2.9 
1.5 
.8 
1.6 
.8 
.8 
.8 
1.4 
.8 
1.5 
.8 
.8 
.7 
7.6 
4.8 
8.3 
5.8 
6.5 
7.4 
37.7 
1917... 
34.6 
1918 
40.2 
1919... 
44.6 
1920 
54.0 
1921 
74.0 
Associations arranged in order of number of boxes packed in 1921. 
