53? 
UNITED-STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
» I N DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 1261 
3 
ingtcn, D. C. V July 22, 1924 
OPERATING METHODS AND EXPENSE OF COOPERATIVE 
CITRUS-FRUIT MARKETING AGENCIES 
A. W. McKAY, Specialist in Agricultural Cooperation, and W. MACKENZIE STEVENS 
Formerly Associate Marketing Specialist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics 
CONTENTS 
Page 
Organization of the Exchange System 1 
Harvesting Operations and Expense 3 
Packing-House Operation 6 
Management 6 
Special Operating Problems 7 
Careful Handling 7 
Standardized Grades * . . 8 
Pools and Payments to Growers 9 
Regular Packing- House Operations 10 
Grading, Sizing, and Packing Oranges 11 
Grading and Packing Lemons .12 
Loading Orange and Lemon Shipments ............ 14 
Packing-House Labor ■ 14 
Packing-House Expense 14 
Average Expense 18 
I ncreases i n Expense 21 
Variations in Expense 23 
Growers' Receipts 28 
Expense of Distribution 30 
District Exchange Expense 31 
Expense of the Central Exchange 31 
Expense of Transportation 32 
Wholesale and Retail Margins 33 
WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1924 
