26 
BULLETIN 1488, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
been passed through the pickers and cards. Some of this trash 
dropped from the fibers as the cotton passed through the rolls of 
the fly frames and spinning frames, but small particles of trash 
were noticeable in the gray yarn of the lower grades. These factors 
should be given consideration when the use of low grades is con- 
templated. 
A record of the broken ends occurring while the yarns were be- 
ing spun was kept. This record indicated but a small difference 
in the end breakage except in the case of western grade No. 3. Ex- 
cess difference there may be due to the general drop in strength of 
this grade (fig. 3). 
FINISHING PROPERTIES 
In the bleached and dyed yarns there was a noticeable difference 
in the brightness of the grades. This difference was less notice- 
able in the mercerized yarns. 
POUNDS 
75 
70 
65 
60 
6 5 4 
GRADE NUMBERS 
Fig. 17.— Effect of mercerizing on the strength of the western cloth. Mercerizing tends to 
strengthen the cloth 
Filling spun from each grade of cotton was used in a five-harness 
filling-effect sateen with a constant warp of good quality of 40s 
two-ply yarn. Portions of this cloth were bleached; portions were 
bleached and mercerized; and portions were bleached, mercerized, 
and dyed. Results of the strength tests on this cloth have been 
described (figs. 14, 15, 16, and 17). Results of the tests of the 
bleached and mercerized cloth for brightness are shown graphically 
in Figure 18. 5 
In the case of the bleached cloth of this test it was found that 
in most instances an increase of brightness was accompanied by a 
decrease in strength or vice versa. 
The brightness of the gray cloth woven from grades 6, 7, 8, and 9 
was increased by the removal of the foreign matter from these grades. 
The increase in brightness of the bleached cloth over the mercerized 
6 Method recommended by E. E. Chandler, formerly of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, con- 
sisting of placing the cloth on blocks of wood in a dodecahedron and measuring the reflection ot light by 
the use of a photometer. 
