22 
BULLETIX 1242, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
empty crates as a ventilation flue. There are also ventilators of metal 
with sides of coarse screen instead of wooden slats, as in the ordinary 
type. If the common box cars are used in warm weather, slats are 
nailed against open doorways, thus providing side ventilation, which 
is assisted by the air box or flue laid lengthwise through the middle of 
the car. The cabbage is piled, stem down, to a little more than half 
of the height of the car. Farther north, in cool weather, heavier load- 
ing is practiced. 
The usual method of loading cars of late cabbage in bulk is to 
place it by hand and to build the load up by tiers, instead of dumping 
the cabbage in loose. 
The great bulk of main-crop cabbage is shipped during moderate 
fall weather. Many of the early shipments, especially of domestic 
Fig. 14— Cold-weat 
it limit ventilation i' 
building paper. 
s, the sides of the car being lined with 
cabbage, are in stock cars; but more cabbage is shipped m ventilated 
box cars than in any other kind, largely because no other cars are 
available during the season of heavy movement of produce, when car 
shortage often prevails. 
When box cars must be used late in the season and there is danger 
of freezing in transit, the car is lined with paper (fig. 14) and the load 
is covered with a layer of straw; but the refrigerator ear with its pro- 
tected side walls is the standard after freezing 
we; 
ither sets in. 
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS. 
Cabbage is bulky and often requires too much shipping space 
in proportion to its value. To reach northern markets, long shipment 
is necessary for the southern crop. Moreover, the very early crop is 
harvested before complete maturit v and hence it is soft and perishable. 
